NSG 522 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTAT FINAL, NSG 522 FINAL EXAM 2025/2026 BANK COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) / / EXPERT VERIFIED FOR GURANTEED PASS / LATEST UPDATE

NSG 522 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTAT FINAL, NSG 522 FINAL EXAM 2025/2026 BANK COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) / / EXPERT VERIFIED FOR GURANTEED PASS / LATEST UPDATE Which of the following terms describes the number of new and pre-existing causes of a disease in a population during a 6-month period of time incidence proportion point prevalence incidence rate period prevalence total prevalence - ANSWERS period prevalence Define Public Health Surveillance - ANSWERS Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data essential to information for the planning, implementation, and of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those responsible for prevention and control What does Public Health Surveillance use data for? - ANSWERS To monitor health problems to facilitate their prevention or control. What can information gained from surveillance be used for? - ANSWERS Planning disease control and prevention programs, Policy-making What are health indicators? - ANSWERS Markers of health status. Anything that could effect health or illness is a health indicator. List example health indicators - ANSWERS physical or mental illness, impairments or disabilities, social well being, service provision, resource availability. What constitutes a notifiable disease in the United States? - ANSWERS Diseases that are of considerable public health importance because of their seriousness- Cause serious morbidity or death, have the potential to spread, can be controlled with appropriate intervention. What is true of Notifiable diseases in the US legally? - ANSWERS Federal and State mandated reporting List the measures of disease occurrence - ANSWERS Counts- Number/Frequency, Ratios, Proportions, Percentages, Rates. Ratios serve what function? - ANSWERS Compare two things How is a ratio calculated? - ANSWERS By dividing the numerator by the denominator What is true about the numerator in ratios? - ANSWERS The numerator may or may not be part of the denominator. The numerator and denominator may or may not be related. what is true about the numerator in Proportions? - ANSWERS Numerator is always a part of the denominator How are proportions usually calculated? - ANSWERS As a decimal, example .125 Characteristics of percentages? - ANSWERS Numerator is always a part of the denominator. Just a proportion multiplied by 100. Define Rates? - ANSWERS Frequency of an event in a population in a specified period of time. What is always specified when determining rates? - ANSWERS Population and Time period is always specified. Three main categories of vital statistics? - ANSWERS Mortality, Morbidity, Natality Define mortality - ANSWERS A mortality rate is a measure of the frequency of the occurrence of death in a defined population during a specific interval. What do measures of natality include? - ANSWERS Crude Birth rate, Crude fertility rate, low-birth weight ratio What is the crude mortality rate? - ANSWERS This is the mortality rate from ALL causes of death in a population. Per 100,000 What is the infant mortality rate? - ANSWERS Deaths of infants less than 1 year of age. Per 1,000 live births What is the single most widely used health indicator to compare nations? - ANSWERS Infant mortality rate What is the neonatal mortality rate? - ANSWERS Deaths of infants < 28 days of age, per 1,000 live births What is Perinatal mortality rate? - ANSWERS deaths that occur from 28 weeks of gestation to 7 days after child is born What is maternal mortality rate? - ANSWERS Deaths of women due to pregnancy related causes during pregnancy or during the first 42 days after pregnancy termination regardless of the duration of the pregnancy, per 100,000 live births. Define Morbidity - ANSWERS Morbidity rate is a measure of the frequency of occurrence of disease or injury in a defined population during a specified interval. all deaths in the US must be legally registered in the jurisdiction state or territory in which the death occurred t/f - ANSWERS true perinatal mortality is defined as any death that occurs during the period from 28 weeks of gestation and through the first 7 days of life during the first 27 days of life from the time of birth until the first birthday after the 27 days of life until the first birthday - ANSWERS during the period from 28 weeks of gestation and through the first 7 days of life the study design most commonly used to investigate outbreaks is the randomized controlled trial cross-sectional study retrospective cohort study case-control study - ANSWERS case-control study the focus of analytic epidemiolgoy is to examine the distribution of health-related states and events t/f - ANSWERS false the hormone therapy intervention phase of the women's health initiative is an example of what type of research design observational study prospective cohort study randomized clinical trial community intervention trial - ANSWERS randomized clinical trial A new preoperative bathing product is studied to see if it is associated with a reduction in surgical site infections in hospitalized older adults. The relative risk of a surgical site infection was 0.91 [95% CI: 0.81, 1.01] in the intervention group. This risk statistic means that - ANSWERS there is not a difference between the risk of infection between the groups if a person has a risk factor for a disease that means that they will eventually develop the disease in their lifetime t/f - ANSWERS false which of the following types of study designs provides the strongest level of evidence to determine cause and effect randomized controlled trials prospective cohort study case-control study quasiexperiments - ANSWERS randomized controlled trials