SFSU BIO 230 FINAL EXAM 2025| Certified Exam QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. LATEST REVISED UPDATE.

SFSU BIO 230 FINAL EXAM 2025| Certified Exam QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. LATEST REVISED UPDATE. How does strangulation and hyperventilation disrupt homeostasis? -- CORRECT ANS>>Strangulation/Hypoxia: disrupts homeostasis b/c oxygen doesn't get to the cells (low concentration of O), so we can't do cellular respiration. Hyperventilation/Hypocapnia disrupts homeostasis b/c a low concentration of Co2 causes your pH levels to raise & feel like you don't need to breathe. Why is the choking game so dangerous (think molecules!)? - CORRECT ANS>>It kills your brain cells and disrupts your motor skills many diseases are caused or caused by a- CORRECT ANS>>disruption in homeostasis maintaining homeostasis is an event and requires ? - - CORRECT ANS>>1. Active 2. Energy 2 | P a g e Homeostasis is achieved through cooperation of- CORRECT ANS>>multiple organ systems, including the nervous and endocrine system which part of cellular respiration is water produced? - CORRECT ANS>>Electron transport chain Cellular water balance is achieved by- CORRECT ANS>>osmosis water balance is achieved by- CORRECT ANS>>regulating the uptake, generation, and elimination of water most of the water in our body is located- CORRECT ANS>>inside our cells hypertonic- CORRECT ANS>>hypertonic refers to the one with the greater solute concentration HYPOTONIC- CORRECT ANS>>hypotonic refers to the one with the lower solute concentration 3 | P a g e Drinking water or other solutions low in solutes (like Gatorade)- CORRECT ANS>> decreases the concentration of solutes in blood. When the blood has less solute- CORRECT ANS>>it is HYPOTONIC compared to cells throughout the body. The pretense of microvilli- CORRECT ANS>>increase the surface area (structure) and facilitate the absorption of food and water (function) After ingestion, water diffuses into cells of the small intestine microvilli. Where is the next place the water goes on its way to your bloodstream?- CORRECT ANS>> Into the interstitial space between microvilli cells Suppose you could check your collecting duct permeability. Then you drink two big glasses of water. Half an hour later, you check the permeability again. On the second check, the permeability is most likely to be:- CORRECT ANS>>Lower 4 | P a g e If you drink water, which of the following is the most direct route it can take to reach the muscle cells in your legs?- CORRECT ANS>>Cells of small intestineinterstitial fluid blood plasmainterstitial fluidleg muscle cells. How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels?- CORRECT ANS>>Insulin promotes storage of glucose as glycogen inside cells. Order these molecules from SMALLEST to LARGEST- CORRECT ANS>> Pyruvate,Glucose,Insulin,Glycogen,CellMembrane how is type 2 diabetes caused/ how do cells become resistant to insulin?- CORRECT ANS>>pro-inflammatory cells within fat tissues trigger inflammation, causing the release of proteins known as cytokines. [This] leads to cells becoming resistant to the effects of insulin, setting the stage for Type 2 diabetes Using the language of biology (think molecules!!), explain to Morgan how exercise and a healthy diet help control diabetes.- CORRECT ANS>>excercis promotes glucose uptake independently of insulin A diabetic measures her blood sugar and finds that it is high. How does exercise immediately reduce blood sugar?- CORRECT ANS>>Promotes glucose transport 5 | P a g e high glucose levels promote the conversion- CORRECT ANS>>of hemoglobin into glycohemoglobin, Disrupts hemoglobin function!!! the blood returning to my lungs from my tissue has a ph- CORRECT ANS>> lower HYPOXIA- CORRECT ANS>>too little O2 causes shutdown of cellular respiration and eventual death. The brain is among the first organs affected. HYPEROXIA- CORRECT ANS>>too much O2 has deleterious effects on the central nervous system, lungs, and eyes. People using 100% O2 and people (especially premature babies) in hyperbaric chambers are most susceptible. HYPOCAPNIA- CORRECT ANS>>too little CO2 (can be achieved by hyperventilation) raises blood pH. This can suppress breathing to the point of blackout and thus, cause hypoxia. 6 | P a g e HYPERCAPNIA- CORRECT ANS>>too much CO2 normally causes the breathing reflex to occur. A failure of this reflex can be fatal, as in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Why is homeostasis important?- CORRECT ANS>>to maintain a relatively stable environment, within limits. How does the body maintain homeostasis?- CORRECT ANS>>through cooperation of multiple organ systems, including the endocrine and nervous system What is a homeostatic set point?- CORRECT ANS>>The level in where the temperature of the body is maintained. Which organs are involved in water, and glucose balance?- CORRECT ANS>>The small intestine is involved with balancing water. The pancreas is involved in balancing glucose. Where do different molecules enter your body?- CORRECT ANS>>The Blood Stream. How are they absorbed?- CORRECT ANS>>osmosis 7 | P a g e How do they get to other regions of the body?- CORRECT ANS>>Through the blood stream What are capillaries?- CORRECT ANS>>any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules. What is interstitial space?- CORRECT ANS>>space/fluid in BETWEEN cells How do different types of molecules (water, glucose, oxygen, sodium, chloride) cross cell membranes and travel between different organs?- CORRECT ANS>>Cell membrane is semipermeable to water. Oxygen move across cell membranes simple diffusion, a process that requires no energy input and is driven by differences in concentration on either side of the cell membrane. Food is broken up through digestion and diffuse into the blood through microvilli in the intestinal wall. How is water regulated in your body?- CORRECT ANS>>Homeostasis 8 | P a g e What is osmosis and what does it have to do with water balance?- CORRECT ANS>> The diffusion of water to create an equilibrium with salt. Where does the water in your body come from?- CORRECT ANS>>Liquids, foods and cellular respiration. How does your body eliminate water?- CORRECT ANS>>Through urinating, sweating, and feces. Which organ systems are involved in water balance and what is their role?- - CORRECT ANS>>kidney regulates by controlling water concentration in blood plasma What happened to Cynthia Lucero?- CORRECT ANS>>Through the consumption of too much water she flooded her cells to balance the equilibrium of solutes and thus caused swelling of the cells Is Gatorade hypotonic or hypertonic to the blood of a normal person?-correct- answer-gatorade is hypotonic to the blood (more sodium outside cell) diluted by gatorade 9 | P a g e How does cholera affect water homeostasis?- CORRECT ANS>>Cholera causes dehydration. If 2 solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane (permeable to water) and side A is hypertonic to side B, which way will the water molecules be most likely to move?- CORRECT ANS>>To side B to dilute the solutes How is the structure of the small intestine related to its function?- CORRECT ANS>> Absorption by osmosis through the cell walls into the vascular capillaries inside the villi How are glucose levels regulated in your body?- CORRECT ANS>>(homeostasis) Regulated through the liver, pancreas, and muscles What happens when your body cannot control glucose levels?- CORRECT ANS>> Insulin receptor is not functioning, then the insulin will not be able to travel through the cell membrane, pancreas and you develop diabetes. Where does the glucose in your body come from?- CORRECT ANS>>We eat food, the food gets absorbed, excess glycogen is stored in the liver, which later we can 10 | P a g e use to convert into glucose. Pancreas - responsible for regulating the use of insulin to use glucose as energy. Glut4 transfers glucose from blood -> cell membrane -> tissues/muscles What is insulin and how does it work?- CORRECT ANS>>Insulin is a hormone produced by your pancreas as the concentration of glucose in your bloodstream rises. Your pancreas senses this increase and is stimulated to release insulin into your bloodstream which plays a role in regulating the concentration of glucose in your blood through a process known as glucose homeostasis. What is glucagon and how does it work?- CORRECT ANS>>When glucagon binds to the glucagon receptors, the liver cells convert the glycogen into individual glucose molecules and release them into the bloodstream. Which organ systems are involved in glucose balance and what is their role?- - CORRECT ANS>>Liver, pancreas, muscle What is diabetes?- CORRECT ANS>>A condition whereby the body is not able to regulate levels of glucose (a sugar) in the blood, resulting in too much glucose being present in the blood. In type two this is due to the your cells becoming resistant to insulin and type one you do not produce insulin. 11 | P a g e What are the warning signs of diabetes?- CORRECT ANS>>1. Excessive thirst/frequent urination, Unexplained weight loss or gain, Weakness and fatigue, Tingling or numbness in hands, legs or feet, Blurred vision, Dry and itchy skin, Frequent infections, Cuts or bruises heal slowly. What are the risk factors of diabetes?- CORRECT ANS>>Life threatening health problems, loss of limbs Type 1 diabetes- CORRECT ANS>>immune system kills cells that produce insulin Type 2 diabetes- CORRECT ANS>>Insulin is produced but cells become resistant to insulin