PH 125 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE EXAM
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS
Social-Ecological Perspective - ANS Social Ecological Paradigm is the basis for understanding
the community and environmental origins of public health problems and for organizing disease
prevention and wellness promotion programs that can effectively ameliorate those problems.
The social ecological perspectives on health suggest that the effectiveness of wellness
promotion efforts can be enhanced through multilevel intervention "packages" combining both
behaviors and environmental modifications strategies
Human Environment - ANS complex systems in which local settings and organizations are
nested within more complex and remote regions
Miasma - ANS noxious air or vapor
-The miasma theory is an obsolete medical theory that held diseases were caused by a miasma,
also known as night air.
Epidemic - ANS outbreaks of a disease that has spread through a population
Quarantine - ANS a state, period, or place of isolation in which people or animals that have
arrived from elsewhere or been exposed to infectious or contagious disease are placed.
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,Water Sanitation - ANS the process of cleaning and purifying water so that it is safe for use.
Shattuck's report and the Modern Era of public health - ANS Shattuck made a health report
that served as a guide in the field of health for the next century (Recommendations: establish
state & local boards of health, collect & analyze vital stats, exchange health info, maintain
sanitary inspections, sanitation programs, study health of school kids, research tuberculosis,
etc.). Produced no results until 1869
Health promotion in "The Ottawa Charter" - ANS The Ottawa Charter emphasized that
lifestyle and conditions of living contribute more to health than medical care does. Stresses the
social and economic aspects of lifestyle. Emphasized the importance of community action to
enhance opportunities for people to practice healthful lifestyles
List 4 public health control measures that were practiced before the 19th century. Describe
their effectiveness in improving health - ANS -Quarantine was used and helped prevent the
spread of contagious diseases
-Vaccines were used were effective in improving health it led to virus immunity.
-Water sanitation via water drainage networks were effective in preventing water borne
diseases.
-Penicillin was effective because it kills bacterial infections that could otherwise be fatal
According to Green ("Through the Centuries"), what distinguished the Modern Era of Health
(beginning with Shattuck's report in 1850) from the previous era? - ANS An organized,
disciplined attack on environmental problems of disease transmission followed from
recognizing the importance of a united public approach to health protection
According to a social-ecological perspective, what influences community well-being? - ANS -
The healthfulness of a situation and the wellbeing of its participants are assumed to be
influenced by multiple aspects both the physical (geography, architecture, technology) and
social (culture, economics, and politics) environment
- Health status is influenced by environment but also personal attributes like genetics,
psychological dispositions, and behavioral patterns
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,According to Stokols, why do lifestyle change programs that focus narrowly on modifying
specific health behaviors often fail? - ANS They fail because they don't take into account the
dynamic interplay of environment and personal factors
According to Stokols, what is meant by a cycle of mutual influence, also referred to as dynamic
interrelations? Give an example. - ANS -Dynamic interrelations means the physical and social
features of settings directly influence their occupants' health and concurrently the participants
in settings modify the healthfulness of their surroundings through their individual and collective
actions
-Ex. individuals routine exposure to community violence leads to feelings of disempowerment,
helplessness, and depression, which in turn prevent their efforts to adopt health promotive
practices related to dietary improvement and physical activity.
Pick a specific illness and provide examples of the "multiple layers of influence" for community
health. - ANS Diabetes:
-Cant afford healthy food puts them at more risk
-Cant afford insulin
-Genetic susceptibility to diabetes
-Community doesn't have healthy food options
-Doesn't have health care access for diagnosis to get it under control
Division of labor - ANS -the complex set of economic interrelationships among producers,
consumers, managers, laborers, etc. arising from specialization and interdependence
Social Cost - ANS costs that are not directly paid by the producer of a product
Central Place Theory - ANS -The need to be close enough to a market to make the division of
labor possible created a spatial arrangement of markets called the "Central Place" pattern. Bc
the central place is in the middle & there's traders farther outside the market that cannot
participate due to their cost of energy being higher than the cost of producing products, new
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, market places form around the central one. Service areas don't remain circular because there
are gaps in between marketplaces and traders that live in those gaps go to the closest market
forming lines between the service areas.(honey comb pattern)
The force of agglomeration - ANS firms are located close to each other based on the desire
to lower costs, which attracts people and activities to urban areas
Geometry of industrial location - ANS the process of finding the point of lowest production
cost
Economic base - ANS assets of a town that attract landlords and produce goods that can be
sold in other towns for gold which the division of labor is based on
-the role a community plays in the regional or national system of collection, production, and
distribution
Highest and Best use - ANS when any piece of land is being used in the most economically
rational fashion
Cost of Friction - ANS cost of moving through space, time, wear, and maintenance
Describe the economic role of the landlord in pre-industrial societies. - ANS Landlords play a
key role in a towns growth because they make alot of money from their land which they then
spend in cities on craftsmen's goods and services. Those craftsmen then use the money they
got from the landlords to buy their own necessities from other craftsmens and farmers, and
then they also spend their money on other goods and services that are necessities.
-Money spent by the landlord circulates throughout the town and increases income per capita
How does the complexity of the division of labor relate to the population size of a town?
Why are poets and artisans less common in small towns relative to large towns? - ANS The
more complex the division of labor in a town, the more money circulates throughout the town,
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS
Social-Ecological Perspective - ANS Social Ecological Paradigm is the basis for understanding
the community and environmental origins of public health problems and for organizing disease
prevention and wellness promotion programs that can effectively ameliorate those problems.
The social ecological perspectives on health suggest that the effectiveness of wellness
promotion efforts can be enhanced through multilevel intervention "packages" combining both
behaviors and environmental modifications strategies
Human Environment - ANS complex systems in which local settings and organizations are
nested within more complex and remote regions
Miasma - ANS noxious air or vapor
-The miasma theory is an obsolete medical theory that held diseases were caused by a miasma,
also known as night air.
Epidemic - ANS outbreaks of a disease that has spread through a population
Quarantine - ANS a state, period, or place of isolation in which people or animals that have
arrived from elsewhere or been exposed to infectious or contagious disease are placed.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Water Sanitation - ANS the process of cleaning and purifying water so that it is safe for use.
Shattuck's report and the Modern Era of public health - ANS Shattuck made a health report
that served as a guide in the field of health for the next century (Recommendations: establish
state & local boards of health, collect & analyze vital stats, exchange health info, maintain
sanitary inspections, sanitation programs, study health of school kids, research tuberculosis,
etc.). Produced no results until 1869
Health promotion in "The Ottawa Charter" - ANS The Ottawa Charter emphasized that
lifestyle and conditions of living contribute more to health than medical care does. Stresses the
social and economic aspects of lifestyle. Emphasized the importance of community action to
enhance opportunities for people to practice healthful lifestyles
List 4 public health control measures that were practiced before the 19th century. Describe
their effectiveness in improving health - ANS -Quarantine was used and helped prevent the
spread of contagious diseases
-Vaccines were used were effective in improving health it led to virus immunity.
-Water sanitation via water drainage networks were effective in preventing water borne
diseases.
-Penicillin was effective because it kills bacterial infections that could otherwise be fatal
According to Green ("Through the Centuries"), what distinguished the Modern Era of Health
(beginning with Shattuck's report in 1850) from the previous era? - ANS An organized,
disciplined attack on environmental problems of disease transmission followed from
recognizing the importance of a united public approach to health protection
According to a social-ecological perspective, what influences community well-being? - ANS -
The healthfulness of a situation and the wellbeing of its participants are assumed to be
influenced by multiple aspects both the physical (geography, architecture, technology) and
social (culture, economics, and politics) environment
- Health status is influenced by environment but also personal attributes like genetics,
psychological dispositions, and behavioral patterns
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,According to Stokols, why do lifestyle change programs that focus narrowly on modifying
specific health behaviors often fail? - ANS They fail because they don't take into account the
dynamic interplay of environment and personal factors
According to Stokols, what is meant by a cycle of mutual influence, also referred to as dynamic
interrelations? Give an example. - ANS -Dynamic interrelations means the physical and social
features of settings directly influence their occupants' health and concurrently the participants
in settings modify the healthfulness of their surroundings through their individual and collective
actions
-Ex. individuals routine exposure to community violence leads to feelings of disempowerment,
helplessness, and depression, which in turn prevent their efforts to adopt health promotive
practices related to dietary improvement and physical activity.
Pick a specific illness and provide examples of the "multiple layers of influence" for community
health. - ANS Diabetes:
-Cant afford healthy food puts them at more risk
-Cant afford insulin
-Genetic susceptibility to diabetes
-Community doesn't have healthy food options
-Doesn't have health care access for diagnosis to get it under control
Division of labor - ANS -the complex set of economic interrelationships among producers,
consumers, managers, laborers, etc. arising from specialization and interdependence
Social Cost - ANS costs that are not directly paid by the producer of a product
Central Place Theory - ANS -The need to be close enough to a market to make the division of
labor possible created a spatial arrangement of markets called the "Central Place" pattern. Bc
the central place is in the middle & there's traders farther outside the market that cannot
participate due to their cost of energy being higher than the cost of producing products, new
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, market places form around the central one. Service areas don't remain circular because there
are gaps in between marketplaces and traders that live in those gaps go to the closest market
forming lines between the service areas.(honey comb pattern)
The force of agglomeration - ANS firms are located close to each other based on the desire
to lower costs, which attracts people and activities to urban areas
Geometry of industrial location - ANS the process of finding the point of lowest production
cost
Economic base - ANS assets of a town that attract landlords and produce goods that can be
sold in other towns for gold which the division of labor is based on
-the role a community plays in the regional or national system of collection, production, and
distribution
Highest and Best use - ANS when any piece of land is being used in the most economically
rational fashion
Cost of Friction - ANS cost of moving through space, time, wear, and maintenance
Describe the economic role of the landlord in pre-industrial societies. - ANS Landlords play a
key role in a towns growth because they make alot of money from their land which they then
spend in cities on craftsmen's goods and services. Those craftsmen then use the money they
got from the landlords to buy their own necessities from other craftsmens and farmers, and
then they also spend their money on other goods and services that are necessities.
-Money spent by the landlord circulates throughout the town and increases income per capita
How does the complexity of the division of labor relate to the population size of a town?
Why are poets and artisans less common in small towns relative to large towns? - ANS The
more complex the division of labor in a town, the more money circulates throughout the town,
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
