PKG 221 EXAMS EVALUATION UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Devitrification - ✔✔-tendency of glass to revert to a crystalline structure or organized
structure
-can be related to too much time at a high temperature
-can appear as a milky haze
-we do not want a crystalline structure
-we want to have the molecule in an amorphous arrangement
✔✔glass composition - ✔✔-the major component is iO2 (sand)
-If SiO2 the only component:
hard to melt:takes longer and more energy
Hard to fine: fine is removing the air bubbles from the molten glass
difficult to mold: this relates to high viscosity
✔✔glass composition - raw materials - ✔✔silica sand, glass former (68-73%)
limestone, increases chemical durability (10-13%)
soda ash, promotes melting (12-15%)
✔✔fining agents - ✔✔Makes CO2 gas, combines with other to make bigger bubbles.
carbon and saltcake
✔✔decolorizers - ✔✔flint (clear) has some iron in it naturally, iron makes it slightly
green, add selenium to make it slightly pink, (pink and green makes gray, appears
clear.:
✔✔colorizers - ✔✔most are metal oxides
✔✔amber glass - ✔✔iron + sulfur +excess carbon
made by the "reduced" process (less oxygen available)
absorbs <450nm wavelength
light protection - beer, pharma, other
✔✔green glasses - ✔✔chrome oxide:
more=darker
oxygen rich =emerald, Georgia green
Reduced oxygen process = dead leaf, champagne, others
Mist, antique, vineyard...
14-15 shades per GPI
✔✔blue and other colors - ✔✔blue = cobalt oxide (powerful
smoke = nickel
turquoise = copper
,peach = selenium
purple = manganese
✔✔Red glass - ✔✔2016 O-I Innovation center
Perrysburg, OH
proprietary materials/process
launching overseas
skols beats
✔✔Chilly piece in Cincinnati art museum 1995 - ✔✔"Rio delle Torreselle" (canal of little
towers) blue glass chandelier
✔✔marking colored glass - ✔✔most made in melting tank
some can be mad in special fore hearth or color alcoves
Others in a secondary operation: "striking" - reheating container after inspection
✔✔Red - ✔✔cuprous or cupric oxide, cadimium sulfide
✔✔Yellow - ✔✔Ferric oxide, antimony oxide
✔✔Yellow-green - ✔✔chromic oxide
✔✔green - ✔✔Ferrous sulfate, chromic oxide
✔✔blue - ✔✔coblat oxide
✔✔violet - ✔✔manganese
✔✔black - ✔✔iron oxides in large amounts
✔✔opal - ✔✔calcium fluoride
✔✔amber - ✔✔carbon and sulfur compounds
✔✔cullet - ✔✔recycled glass:
2 types: plant clot 9internal) - defects, testing. Ecology Cullet - post consumer
furnace usage is 15-90%. Average is 34%
10 states have bottle deposit bills
cullet size is approx 3/8" pieces
much less energy to melt, process at 2400F vs 2800F
every 10% = 2-3% energy cost reduction
every 6 tonsured = 1 ton reduction of CO2 footprint
1 recycled bottle = computer power for 30 mins
30 day cycle, bottle to bottle
, ✔✔flint cullet - ✔✔2016 O-I Zanesville, OH
Spirits Facility
✔✔Pharmaceutical glass - ✔✔-high purity requirements for drugs
-minimize leaching of salts out of glass not product
-raw materials may be different than container glass
✔✔Type 1 pharmaceutical glass - ✔✔Borosilicate glass, has the most stringent
extractable standards. A disadvantage is the higher melting point of this glass type
✔✔Type II pharmaceutical glass - ✔✔soda-lime glass formula that has been treated in
the annealing oven with sulfur to reduce alkali solubility. The treatment produces a
discolored appearance
✔✔Type II pharmaceutical glass - ✔✔concentional soda-lime glass that has been
tested and shown to have a specified extractives level. Soda-lime glasses not meeting
types 3 qualification are classed as USP type NP. PROBLEM.
✔✔type 1 composition - typical - ✔✔70% solica
10% boron oxide
8% sodium oxide
8% potassium oxide
1% calcium oxide
used for pharma packaging, lab ware, telescopes, guitar slides, etc
✔✔glass manufacturing - ✔✔-raw materials
-handeling and mixing
-the melting process
-combustion and fuls
-annealing
secondary operations
-striking
-finishing
-secondary forming
-other treatments
forming operations
-pressing
-blowing
-coating
✔✔The manufacture of glass - ✔✔practically every element un the periodic table has
been used in the manufacture of glass
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Devitrification - ✔✔-tendency of glass to revert to a crystalline structure or organized
structure
-can be related to too much time at a high temperature
-can appear as a milky haze
-we do not want a crystalline structure
-we want to have the molecule in an amorphous arrangement
✔✔glass composition - ✔✔-the major component is iO2 (sand)
-If SiO2 the only component:
hard to melt:takes longer and more energy
Hard to fine: fine is removing the air bubbles from the molten glass
difficult to mold: this relates to high viscosity
✔✔glass composition - raw materials - ✔✔silica sand, glass former (68-73%)
limestone, increases chemical durability (10-13%)
soda ash, promotes melting (12-15%)
✔✔fining agents - ✔✔Makes CO2 gas, combines with other to make bigger bubbles.
carbon and saltcake
✔✔decolorizers - ✔✔flint (clear) has some iron in it naturally, iron makes it slightly
green, add selenium to make it slightly pink, (pink and green makes gray, appears
clear.:
✔✔colorizers - ✔✔most are metal oxides
✔✔amber glass - ✔✔iron + sulfur +excess carbon
made by the "reduced" process (less oxygen available)
absorbs <450nm wavelength
light protection - beer, pharma, other
✔✔green glasses - ✔✔chrome oxide:
more=darker
oxygen rich =emerald, Georgia green
Reduced oxygen process = dead leaf, champagne, others
Mist, antique, vineyard...
14-15 shades per GPI
✔✔blue and other colors - ✔✔blue = cobalt oxide (powerful
smoke = nickel
turquoise = copper
,peach = selenium
purple = manganese
✔✔Red glass - ✔✔2016 O-I Innovation center
Perrysburg, OH
proprietary materials/process
launching overseas
skols beats
✔✔Chilly piece in Cincinnati art museum 1995 - ✔✔"Rio delle Torreselle" (canal of little
towers) blue glass chandelier
✔✔marking colored glass - ✔✔most made in melting tank
some can be mad in special fore hearth or color alcoves
Others in a secondary operation: "striking" - reheating container after inspection
✔✔Red - ✔✔cuprous or cupric oxide, cadimium sulfide
✔✔Yellow - ✔✔Ferric oxide, antimony oxide
✔✔Yellow-green - ✔✔chromic oxide
✔✔green - ✔✔Ferrous sulfate, chromic oxide
✔✔blue - ✔✔coblat oxide
✔✔violet - ✔✔manganese
✔✔black - ✔✔iron oxides in large amounts
✔✔opal - ✔✔calcium fluoride
✔✔amber - ✔✔carbon and sulfur compounds
✔✔cullet - ✔✔recycled glass:
2 types: plant clot 9internal) - defects, testing. Ecology Cullet - post consumer
furnace usage is 15-90%. Average is 34%
10 states have bottle deposit bills
cullet size is approx 3/8" pieces
much less energy to melt, process at 2400F vs 2800F
every 10% = 2-3% energy cost reduction
every 6 tonsured = 1 ton reduction of CO2 footprint
1 recycled bottle = computer power for 30 mins
30 day cycle, bottle to bottle
, ✔✔flint cullet - ✔✔2016 O-I Zanesville, OH
Spirits Facility
✔✔Pharmaceutical glass - ✔✔-high purity requirements for drugs
-minimize leaching of salts out of glass not product
-raw materials may be different than container glass
✔✔Type 1 pharmaceutical glass - ✔✔Borosilicate glass, has the most stringent
extractable standards. A disadvantage is the higher melting point of this glass type
✔✔Type II pharmaceutical glass - ✔✔soda-lime glass formula that has been treated in
the annealing oven with sulfur to reduce alkali solubility. The treatment produces a
discolored appearance
✔✔Type II pharmaceutical glass - ✔✔concentional soda-lime glass that has been
tested and shown to have a specified extractives level. Soda-lime glasses not meeting
types 3 qualification are classed as USP type NP. PROBLEM.
✔✔type 1 composition - typical - ✔✔70% solica
10% boron oxide
8% sodium oxide
8% potassium oxide
1% calcium oxide
used for pharma packaging, lab ware, telescopes, guitar slides, etc
✔✔glass manufacturing - ✔✔-raw materials
-handeling and mixing
-the melting process
-combustion and fuls
-annealing
secondary operations
-striking
-finishing
-secondary forming
-other treatments
forming operations
-pressing
-blowing
-coating
✔✔The manufacture of glass - ✔✔practically every element un the periodic table has
been used in the manufacture of glass
