NURS 641 END OF COURSE EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Potassium sparing diuretics - ✔✔Reduce potassium loss in the urine; aldosterone
antagonist have the addition benefit of diminishing the cardiac remodeling that occurs in
heart failure
✔✔Beta Blockers - ✔✔Reduce blood pressure primarily by decreasing cardiac output;
may decrease sympathetic outflow from CNS and inhibit the release of renin from the
kidneys, thus decreasing the formation of angiotension II and secretion of aldosterone
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔Recommended as first line treatment of hypertension in patients
with a variety of compelling indications including: CAD, diabetes, stroke, heart failure,
MI or CKD
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔Lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular
resistance without reflexively increasing cardiac output, heart rate or contractility. Block
ACE enzyme which cleaves angiotensin I to form the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔Responsible for the breakdown of bradykinin, a peptide that
increases the production of nitric oxide and prostacyclin (vasodialtor) by the blood
vessels
✔✔ARBs - ✔✔Block Angiotension II receptors, and causes a decrease in arterial
resistance and decreased BP
✔✔Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into
heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for
oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to
cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and
hypertension
✔✔Diphenylalklamines
Benzothiazepines
Dihydropyridines - ✔✔Three classes of calcium channel blockers
✔✔Vasodilators - ✔✔Direct acting smooth muscle relaxant
✔✔Clonodine - ✔✔Used for treatment of hypertension that has not responded to two or
more drugs
✔✔hypertensive emergency - ✔✔An emergency situation created by excessively high
blood pressure (systolic greater than 180, diastolic greater than 120). Require timely
blood pressure reduction (IV)
, ✔✔Pulmonary Embolism - ✔✔An occlusion or partial occlusion of the pulmonary artery
or branches by an embolus
✔✔Pulmonary hypertension - ✔✔A type of high blood pressure that affects arteries in
the lungs and in the heart.
✔✔Hypertension - ✔✔consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure
✔✔Primary Hypertension - ✔✔result of an extremely complicated interaction of genetics
and the environment mediated by a host of neurohumoral effects
✔✔Secondary Hypertension - ✔✔high blood pressure caused by the effects of another
disease
✔✔Malignant Hypertension - ✔✔severe and rapid high blood pressure that can cause
encephalopathy
✔✔Orthostatic Hypotension - ✔✔Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or
postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
✔✔Aneurysm - ✔✔Localized dilation or outpunching of a vessel wall or cardiac
chamber
✔✔True Aneurysm - ✔✔weakening of all 3 layers in the vessel
✔✔Atherosclerosis - ✔✔Form of arteriosclerosis in which the thickening and hardening
of vessels are caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within the arterial
wall which leads to the formation of lesions called plaque
✔✔Bronchodilators - ✔✔Class of drugs used to treat COPD
✔✔Hypoxemia - ✔✔Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood (reduced PaCO2) caused by
respiratory alternations
✔✔Oxygen delivery to the alveoli
Ventilation of the alveoli
Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli in to the blood
Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries - ✔✔Hypoxemia can result from problems with what
major mechanisms of oxygenation
✔✔Tuberculosis - ✔✔An infection caused by myobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast
bacilli that usually affects the lungs, but may invade other body systems
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Potassium sparing diuretics - ✔✔Reduce potassium loss in the urine; aldosterone
antagonist have the addition benefit of diminishing the cardiac remodeling that occurs in
heart failure
✔✔Beta Blockers - ✔✔Reduce blood pressure primarily by decreasing cardiac output;
may decrease sympathetic outflow from CNS and inhibit the release of renin from the
kidneys, thus decreasing the formation of angiotension II and secretion of aldosterone
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔Recommended as first line treatment of hypertension in patients
with a variety of compelling indications including: CAD, diabetes, stroke, heart failure,
MI or CKD
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔Lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular
resistance without reflexively increasing cardiac output, heart rate or contractility. Block
ACE enzyme which cleaves angiotensin I to form the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔Responsible for the breakdown of bradykinin, a peptide that
increases the production of nitric oxide and prostacyclin (vasodialtor) by the blood
vessels
✔✔ARBs - ✔✔Block Angiotension II receptors, and causes a decrease in arterial
resistance and decreased BP
✔✔Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into
heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for
oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to
cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and
hypertension
✔✔Diphenylalklamines
Benzothiazepines
Dihydropyridines - ✔✔Three classes of calcium channel blockers
✔✔Vasodilators - ✔✔Direct acting smooth muscle relaxant
✔✔Clonodine - ✔✔Used for treatment of hypertension that has not responded to two or
more drugs
✔✔hypertensive emergency - ✔✔An emergency situation created by excessively high
blood pressure (systolic greater than 180, diastolic greater than 120). Require timely
blood pressure reduction (IV)
, ✔✔Pulmonary Embolism - ✔✔An occlusion or partial occlusion of the pulmonary artery
or branches by an embolus
✔✔Pulmonary hypertension - ✔✔A type of high blood pressure that affects arteries in
the lungs and in the heart.
✔✔Hypertension - ✔✔consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure
✔✔Primary Hypertension - ✔✔result of an extremely complicated interaction of genetics
and the environment mediated by a host of neurohumoral effects
✔✔Secondary Hypertension - ✔✔high blood pressure caused by the effects of another
disease
✔✔Malignant Hypertension - ✔✔severe and rapid high blood pressure that can cause
encephalopathy
✔✔Orthostatic Hypotension - ✔✔Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or
postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
✔✔Aneurysm - ✔✔Localized dilation or outpunching of a vessel wall or cardiac
chamber
✔✔True Aneurysm - ✔✔weakening of all 3 layers in the vessel
✔✔Atherosclerosis - ✔✔Form of arteriosclerosis in which the thickening and hardening
of vessels are caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within the arterial
wall which leads to the formation of lesions called plaque
✔✔Bronchodilators - ✔✔Class of drugs used to treat COPD
✔✔Hypoxemia - ✔✔Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood (reduced PaCO2) caused by
respiratory alternations
✔✔Oxygen delivery to the alveoli
Ventilation of the alveoli
Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli in to the blood
Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries - ✔✔Hypoxemia can result from problems with what
major mechanisms of oxygenation
✔✔Tuberculosis - ✔✔An infection caused by myobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast
bacilli that usually affects the lungs, but may invade other body systems
