CRISIS INTERVENTION FINAL PAPER UPADTED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Existential Crises - ✔✔Can emerge when we are experiencing inner conflict about
important human issues such as the meaning and purpose in life, responsibility,
commitment and independence.
✔✔Religiosity - ✔✔Helps people cope and provides hope.
✔✔Spirituality - ✔✔Meaning and purpose in life, a sense of belonging-ness, a sense of
universality, a sense of transcencedence, a sense of rising above human suffering.
✔✔Eco-Systems Crisis - ✔✔-Occurs when some natural or human-caused disaster
overtakes a person or a group.
-Adversely affects every member of the environment.
-Biological crisis.
✔✔Basic Crisis Intervention Theory - ✔✔Focuses on helping people in crisis recognize
and correct temporary affective, behavioral and cognitive distortions brought on by
traumatic events.
✔✔Brief Therapy Theory - ✔✔Typically attempts to remediate ongoing emotional
problems.
✔✔Expanded Crisis Theory - ✔✔-Psychoanalytic Theory
-Systems Theory
-Eco-Systems Theory
-Adaptational Theory
-Interpersonal Theory
-Chaos Theory
-Developmental Theory
✔✔Psychoanalytic Theory - ✔✔Based on the view that the disequilibrium that
accompanies a person's crisis can be understood through gaining access to the
individual's unconscious thoughts and past emotional experiences.
✔✔Systems Theory - ✔✔-Based not so much on what happens within an individual in
crisis as on the interrelationship and interdependence among people and between
people and events.
-Represents a turning away from focusing on only what is going on with the client.
✔✔Ecosystems Theory - ✔✔Looks at crises in relation to the environmental context
within which it occurs. Systems in which all elements are interrelated and in which
change at any level of those interrelated parts will lead to alteration of the total system.
,✔✔Interpersonal Theory - ✔✔-Enhancing personal self-esteem such as openness,
trust, sharing, safety, unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, and
genuineness.
-The essence is that people cannot sustain a personal state of crisis for very long if they
believe in themselves and in others and have confidence that they can become self-
activated and overcome the crisis.
-The goal is returning the power of self evaluation to the person.
✔✔Adaptational Theory - ✔✔Depicts a person's crisis as being sustained through
maladaptive behaviors, negative thoughts and destructive defense mechanisms. Based
on the premise that the person's crisis will recede when these maladaptive coping
behaviors are changed to adaptive behaviors.
✔✔Chaos Theory - ✔✔"Emergent complex messiness" - evolves into a self organizing
mode whenever a critical mass of people come to perceive that they have no way to
identify patterns or preplan options to solve the dilemma at hand.
✔✔Developmental Theory - ✔✔-Tasks that are not met and accomplished during
particular life stages tend to pile up and cause problems.
-When an external, environmental or situational crisis feeds into a preexisting
developmental crisis, intrapersonal and interpersonal problems may reach the breaking
point.
✔✔Psychological First Aid - ✔✔1. Seeks to address the immediate crisis situation and
provide immediate relief possible to a wide range of individuals.
2. Establishing safety of the client, reducing stress-related symptoms, providing rest and
physical recuperation and linking clients to critical resources and social support
systems.
3. Prevailing approach is an intervention that is non-intrusive and does not promote
discussion of the traumatic event.
4. Designed to provide non-intrusive physical and psychological support.
✔✔Approach to Psychological First Aid - ✔✔1. Contact and engagement - goal:
respond to contacts initiated by survivors or to initiate contacts in a non-intrusive,
compassionate and helpful manner.
2. Safety and comfort - goal: to enhance immediate and ongoing safety and provide
physical and emotional comfort.
3. Stabilization (if needed) - goal: to calm and orient emotionally overwhelmed or
disoriented survivors.
4. Information gathering, current needs and concerns - goal: to identify immediate
needs and concerns, gather additional information and tailor psychological first aid
interventions.
5. Practical assistance - goal: to offer practical help to survivors in addressing
immediate needs and concerns.
6. Connections to social supports - goal: to help establish brief or ongoing contacts with
primary support persons and other supports (family, friends, community).
,7. Information on coping - goal: provide information on stress reactions and coping to
reduce distress and promote adaptive functioning.
8. Link to collaborative services - goal: link to services needs presently or in the future.
✔✔ACT Model - ✔✔-Assessment of the presenting problem including emergency
psychiatric and other medical needs and trauma assessment.
-Connecting clients to support systems
-Traumatic reactions and posttraumatic stress disorders.
✔✔ACT Model Linear Stages - ✔✔1. Crisis assessment
2. Establishing rapport
3. Identifying major problems
4. Dealing with feelings
5. Generating and exploring alternatives
6. Developing plans
7. Providing follow up
✔✔Emic Model - ✔✔Components that make up individuals, not just what their individual
parts are, but how they come together.
✔✔ADDRESSING - ✔✔-Age
-acquired and Developmental Disabilities
-Religion
-Ethnicity
-Social Class
-Sexual Orientation
-Indigenous heritage
-National origin
-Gender
✔✔RESPECTFUL - ✔✔-Religious/spiritual
-Economic class
-Sexual Identity
-Psychological development
-Ethnic/racial identity
-Chronological age
-Trauma and threats to well being
-Family
-Unique physical issues
-Language and location of residence.
✔✔Positive aspects of an effective multicultural counselor - ✔✔-Uses methods and
strategies and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultures values of
the client.
, -Worker should demonstrate empathy, caring and positive regard while searching for a
role that is compatible with the client's worldview and offers to act as advocate without
injecting his or her own values or condition into the situation.
1. Examine and understand the world from the client's viewpoint
2. Search for alternative roles that may be more appealing and adaptive to clients from
other backgrounds
3. Help clients from other cultures make contact with and elicit help from indigenous
support systems.
✔✔Freud's definition of psychic trauma - ✔✔A process initiated by an event that
confronts an individual with an acute, overwhelming threat. When the event occurs the
inner agency of the mind loses it's ability to control the disorganizing effects of the
experience and disequilibrium occurs.
✔✔Complex PTSD - ✔✔Dramatic personality changes that may occur with long-term
intensive trauma.
1. Somatization - physical problems, associated pain and functional limitations.
2. Dissociation - division of the personality into one component that attempts to function
in the everyday world and another that regresses and is fixed in the trauma.
3. Affective dysregulation - alterations in impulse control, attention and consciousness,
self perception, perception of perpetrators, relationships to significant others and
systems of meaning.
✔✔Phases of Recovery PTSD - ✔✔1. Emergency or outcry phase
2. Emotional numbing and denial phase
3. Intrusive-repetitive phase
4. Reflective-transition phase
5. Integration phase
✔✔The Emergency or Outcry Phase - ✔✔Individual experiences heightened fight/flight
reactions to the life threatening situation. Termination of the event itself is followed by
relief and confusion. Questions about why the event happened and what its
consequences are dominate the individual's thoughts.
✔✔The Emotional Numbing and Denial Phase - ✔✔The survivor protects psychic well-
being by burying the experience in subconscious memory. By avoiding the experience,
the individual temporarily reduces anxiety and stress symptoms. Many individuals
remain forever at this stage unless they receive professional intervention.
✔✔The Intrusive-Repetitive Phase - ✔✔Survivor has nightmares, volatile mood swings,
intrusive images and amplified startle responses. Other pathological and anti-social
defense mechanisms may be put into place in a futile attempt to rebury the trauma. At
this point, the delayed stress becomes to overwhelming that the individual is propelled
to seek help or becomes so mired in the pathology of the situation that outside
intervention is mandated.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Existential Crises - ✔✔Can emerge when we are experiencing inner conflict about
important human issues such as the meaning and purpose in life, responsibility,
commitment and independence.
✔✔Religiosity - ✔✔Helps people cope and provides hope.
✔✔Spirituality - ✔✔Meaning and purpose in life, a sense of belonging-ness, a sense of
universality, a sense of transcencedence, a sense of rising above human suffering.
✔✔Eco-Systems Crisis - ✔✔-Occurs when some natural or human-caused disaster
overtakes a person or a group.
-Adversely affects every member of the environment.
-Biological crisis.
✔✔Basic Crisis Intervention Theory - ✔✔Focuses on helping people in crisis recognize
and correct temporary affective, behavioral and cognitive distortions brought on by
traumatic events.
✔✔Brief Therapy Theory - ✔✔Typically attempts to remediate ongoing emotional
problems.
✔✔Expanded Crisis Theory - ✔✔-Psychoanalytic Theory
-Systems Theory
-Eco-Systems Theory
-Adaptational Theory
-Interpersonal Theory
-Chaos Theory
-Developmental Theory
✔✔Psychoanalytic Theory - ✔✔Based on the view that the disequilibrium that
accompanies a person's crisis can be understood through gaining access to the
individual's unconscious thoughts and past emotional experiences.
✔✔Systems Theory - ✔✔-Based not so much on what happens within an individual in
crisis as on the interrelationship and interdependence among people and between
people and events.
-Represents a turning away from focusing on only what is going on with the client.
✔✔Ecosystems Theory - ✔✔Looks at crises in relation to the environmental context
within which it occurs. Systems in which all elements are interrelated and in which
change at any level of those interrelated parts will lead to alteration of the total system.
,✔✔Interpersonal Theory - ✔✔-Enhancing personal self-esteem such as openness,
trust, sharing, safety, unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, and
genuineness.
-The essence is that people cannot sustain a personal state of crisis for very long if they
believe in themselves and in others and have confidence that they can become self-
activated and overcome the crisis.
-The goal is returning the power of self evaluation to the person.
✔✔Adaptational Theory - ✔✔Depicts a person's crisis as being sustained through
maladaptive behaviors, negative thoughts and destructive defense mechanisms. Based
on the premise that the person's crisis will recede when these maladaptive coping
behaviors are changed to adaptive behaviors.
✔✔Chaos Theory - ✔✔"Emergent complex messiness" - evolves into a self organizing
mode whenever a critical mass of people come to perceive that they have no way to
identify patterns or preplan options to solve the dilemma at hand.
✔✔Developmental Theory - ✔✔-Tasks that are not met and accomplished during
particular life stages tend to pile up and cause problems.
-When an external, environmental or situational crisis feeds into a preexisting
developmental crisis, intrapersonal and interpersonal problems may reach the breaking
point.
✔✔Psychological First Aid - ✔✔1. Seeks to address the immediate crisis situation and
provide immediate relief possible to a wide range of individuals.
2. Establishing safety of the client, reducing stress-related symptoms, providing rest and
physical recuperation and linking clients to critical resources and social support
systems.
3. Prevailing approach is an intervention that is non-intrusive and does not promote
discussion of the traumatic event.
4. Designed to provide non-intrusive physical and psychological support.
✔✔Approach to Psychological First Aid - ✔✔1. Contact and engagement - goal:
respond to contacts initiated by survivors or to initiate contacts in a non-intrusive,
compassionate and helpful manner.
2. Safety and comfort - goal: to enhance immediate and ongoing safety and provide
physical and emotional comfort.
3. Stabilization (if needed) - goal: to calm and orient emotionally overwhelmed or
disoriented survivors.
4. Information gathering, current needs and concerns - goal: to identify immediate
needs and concerns, gather additional information and tailor psychological first aid
interventions.
5. Practical assistance - goal: to offer practical help to survivors in addressing
immediate needs and concerns.
6. Connections to social supports - goal: to help establish brief or ongoing contacts with
primary support persons and other supports (family, friends, community).
,7. Information on coping - goal: provide information on stress reactions and coping to
reduce distress and promote adaptive functioning.
8. Link to collaborative services - goal: link to services needs presently or in the future.
✔✔ACT Model - ✔✔-Assessment of the presenting problem including emergency
psychiatric and other medical needs and trauma assessment.
-Connecting clients to support systems
-Traumatic reactions and posttraumatic stress disorders.
✔✔ACT Model Linear Stages - ✔✔1. Crisis assessment
2. Establishing rapport
3. Identifying major problems
4. Dealing with feelings
5. Generating and exploring alternatives
6. Developing plans
7. Providing follow up
✔✔Emic Model - ✔✔Components that make up individuals, not just what their individual
parts are, but how they come together.
✔✔ADDRESSING - ✔✔-Age
-acquired and Developmental Disabilities
-Religion
-Ethnicity
-Social Class
-Sexual Orientation
-Indigenous heritage
-National origin
-Gender
✔✔RESPECTFUL - ✔✔-Religious/spiritual
-Economic class
-Sexual Identity
-Psychological development
-Ethnic/racial identity
-Chronological age
-Trauma and threats to well being
-Family
-Unique physical issues
-Language and location of residence.
✔✔Positive aspects of an effective multicultural counselor - ✔✔-Uses methods and
strategies and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultures values of
the client.
, -Worker should demonstrate empathy, caring and positive regard while searching for a
role that is compatible with the client's worldview and offers to act as advocate without
injecting his or her own values or condition into the situation.
1. Examine and understand the world from the client's viewpoint
2. Search for alternative roles that may be more appealing and adaptive to clients from
other backgrounds
3. Help clients from other cultures make contact with and elicit help from indigenous
support systems.
✔✔Freud's definition of psychic trauma - ✔✔A process initiated by an event that
confronts an individual with an acute, overwhelming threat. When the event occurs the
inner agency of the mind loses it's ability to control the disorganizing effects of the
experience and disequilibrium occurs.
✔✔Complex PTSD - ✔✔Dramatic personality changes that may occur with long-term
intensive trauma.
1. Somatization - physical problems, associated pain and functional limitations.
2. Dissociation - division of the personality into one component that attempts to function
in the everyday world and another that regresses and is fixed in the trauma.
3. Affective dysregulation - alterations in impulse control, attention and consciousness,
self perception, perception of perpetrators, relationships to significant others and
systems of meaning.
✔✔Phases of Recovery PTSD - ✔✔1. Emergency or outcry phase
2. Emotional numbing and denial phase
3. Intrusive-repetitive phase
4. Reflective-transition phase
5. Integration phase
✔✔The Emergency or Outcry Phase - ✔✔Individual experiences heightened fight/flight
reactions to the life threatening situation. Termination of the event itself is followed by
relief and confusion. Questions about why the event happened and what its
consequences are dominate the individual's thoughts.
✔✔The Emotional Numbing and Denial Phase - ✔✔The survivor protects psychic well-
being by burying the experience in subconscious memory. By avoiding the experience,
the individual temporarily reduces anxiety and stress symptoms. Many individuals
remain forever at this stage unless they receive professional intervention.
✔✔The Intrusive-Repetitive Phase - ✔✔Survivor has nightmares, volatile mood swings,
intrusive images and amplified startle responses. Other pathological and anti-social
defense mechanisms may be put into place in a futile attempt to rebury the trauma. At
this point, the delayed stress becomes to overwhelming that the individual is propelled
to seek help or becomes so mired in the pathology of the situation that outside
intervention is mandated.
