Test Bank NUR 202 Nursing through Lifespan 1 Exam
Questions with Verified Answers
Chapter 19
Concepts of Inflammation and the Immune Response
This chapter lays the groundwork for how the body deals with invading
pathogens
• Immunity is the body’s ability to resist disease
• Serves three functions
1. Defense: protects from invading organisms & prevents
development of infection
2. Homeostasis: immune system removes damaged cellular
substances
3. Surveillance: mutations continually arise in your body, but
they are recognized as foreign by your immune system and
they are dealt with.
o Immune system cells (unlike any other type of cell) distinguish self from
non-self-proteins and cells (this is called self-tolerance). This prevents
healthy body cells form being destroyed along with the invaders.
o Non-self-cells include
▪ infected body cells
▪ cancer cells
▪ cells from other people
▪ organisms
▪
Human leukocyte antigens:
o a normal part of the person and act as antigens if they enter another
person’s immune system.
o The key for recognition in self-tolerance (mentioned above)
o These antigens are inherited & specify the tissue type of a person
o Present in nearly all body cells
o Like a fingerprint/universal barcode unique
o Only identical twins have same HLA type
,Immune function:
o Changes during a person’s life
▪ Nutritional status
▪ Environmental conditions
▪ Drugs like steroids, chemo, radiation, transplant meds
▪ Presence of disease
▪ Age-most efficient in 20s-30s
o Older=higher risk for infection and/or cancer development
To be immunocompetent, you need:
1. Inflammation
2. Cell-mediated
3. Antibody mediated
1. In<ambition- natural immunity
▪ Provides immediate protection against the elects of tissue injury and
foreign proteins.
▪ The capability for inflammatory response is critical to health and well-being.
▪ Tissue damage may result from excessive inflammatory response.
1. Does not provide true immunity to repeated exposure to the same organism
(ex:
mosquito bite-every time bitten, the area will act the exact same)
2. Non-speech body defense to any invasion or injury (acts the same no
matter what causes it—sprained ankle and bite)
3. Causes visible symptoms and can rid the body of harmful organisms
(needed because it helps start the antibody and cell mediated actions
needed to activate the immune response; starts the cascade).
Cell types involved in inflammation: (page 306-307)
▪ Neutrophils: arrive first in an injury, BUT only last up to 48 hours
▪ Macrophages: clean area before healing
▪ Basophils: release histamine in area of damage
▪ Eosinophils: seen during allergic reaction
▪
Sequence of in<amatory responses
Occurs in a predictable sequence (CARDINAL SIGNS):
-think sprained ankle-
,1. Warmth
, 2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Decreased function
6.
Stage I (vascular): early elects involve a change in blood vessels
▪ Phase I: constriction (only lasts a few seconds)
▪ Phase II: hyperemia and edema
o increased blood flow to injured area
o edema provides cushion to prevent further injury to area &
dilutes toxins or organisms.
o edema lasts 24-72 hours
Stage II (cellular exudate): increase in number of circulating neutrophils + pus
▪ if the infection stimulating infection lasts longer than a few days, the
bone marrow cannot produce and release enough mature neutrophils
▪ in a healthy individual, there are enough neutrophils produced to
keep up with the infection.
▪ Elders can’t produce as many mature neutrophils as they once could
o puts them at higher risk for infection and/or sepsis
Stage III (Healing) is the final phase of the inflammation process is healing.
▪ Healing includes two major components:
o Regeneration
o Repair
In<ambition vs infection
▪ Inflammation does not always mean that an infection is present.
o Inflammation without infection
▪ Bee sting
▪ Allergies (Rhinitis)
▪ Blister
▪ MI
▪ Sprained ankle
▪ Infection is usually accompanied by inflammation
▪ Inflammation can occur without invasion by organisms.
▪
In<amatory response
Clinical manifestations:
Systemic response to inflammation
▪ Increased WBC count (“shift to the left”—increased number of immature
WBCs)
▪ Malaise
▪ Nausea and anorexia
Questions with Verified Answers
Chapter 19
Concepts of Inflammation and the Immune Response
This chapter lays the groundwork for how the body deals with invading
pathogens
• Immunity is the body’s ability to resist disease
• Serves three functions
1. Defense: protects from invading organisms & prevents
development of infection
2. Homeostasis: immune system removes damaged cellular
substances
3. Surveillance: mutations continually arise in your body, but
they are recognized as foreign by your immune system and
they are dealt with.
o Immune system cells (unlike any other type of cell) distinguish self from
non-self-proteins and cells (this is called self-tolerance). This prevents
healthy body cells form being destroyed along with the invaders.
o Non-self-cells include
▪ infected body cells
▪ cancer cells
▪ cells from other people
▪ organisms
▪
Human leukocyte antigens:
o a normal part of the person and act as antigens if they enter another
person’s immune system.
o The key for recognition in self-tolerance (mentioned above)
o These antigens are inherited & specify the tissue type of a person
o Present in nearly all body cells
o Like a fingerprint/universal barcode unique
o Only identical twins have same HLA type
,Immune function:
o Changes during a person’s life
▪ Nutritional status
▪ Environmental conditions
▪ Drugs like steroids, chemo, radiation, transplant meds
▪ Presence of disease
▪ Age-most efficient in 20s-30s
o Older=higher risk for infection and/or cancer development
To be immunocompetent, you need:
1. Inflammation
2. Cell-mediated
3. Antibody mediated
1. In<ambition- natural immunity
▪ Provides immediate protection against the elects of tissue injury and
foreign proteins.
▪ The capability for inflammatory response is critical to health and well-being.
▪ Tissue damage may result from excessive inflammatory response.
1. Does not provide true immunity to repeated exposure to the same organism
(ex:
mosquito bite-every time bitten, the area will act the exact same)
2. Non-speech body defense to any invasion or injury (acts the same no
matter what causes it—sprained ankle and bite)
3. Causes visible symptoms and can rid the body of harmful organisms
(needed because it helps start the antibody and cell mediated actions
needed to activate the immune response; starts the cascade).
Cell types involved in inflammation: (page 306-307)
▪ Neutrophils: arrive first in an injury, BUT only last up to 48 hours
▪ Macrophages: clean area before healing
▪ Basophils: release histamine in area of damage
▪ Eosinophils: seen during allergic reaction
▪
Sequence of in<amatory responses
Occurs in a predictable sequence (CARDINAL SIGNS):
-think sprained ankle-
,1. Warmth
, 2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Decreased function
6.
Stage I (vascular): early elects involve a change in blood vessels
▪ Phase I: constriction (only lasts a few seconds)
▪ Phase II: hyperemia and edema
o increased blood flow to injured area
o edema provides cushion to prevent further injury to area &
dilutes toxins or organisms.
o edema lasts 24-72 hours
Stage II (cellular exudate): increase in number of circulating neutrophils + pus
▪ if the infection stimulating infection lasts longer than a few days, the
bone marrow cannot produce and release enough mature neutrophils
▪ in a healthy individual, there are enough neutrophils produced to
keep up with the infection.
▪ Elders can’t produce as many mature neutrophils as they once could
o puts them at higher risk for infection and/or sepsis
Stage III (Healing) is the final phase of the inflammation process is healing.
▪ Healing includes two major components:
o Regeneration
o Repair
In<ambition vs infection
▪ Inflammation does not always mean that an infection is present.
o Inflammation without infection
▪ Bee sting
▪ Allergies (Rhinitis)
▪ Blister
▪ MI
▪ Sprained ankle
▪ Infection is usually accompanied by inflammation
▪ Inflammation can occur without invasion by organisms.
▪
In<amatory response
Clinical manifestations:
Systemic response to inflammation
▪ Increased WBC count (“shift to the left”—increased number of immature
WBCs)
▪ Malaise
▪ Nausea and anorexia
