Human Physiology 261 Midterm Study
Guide Questions with Accurate
Answers
Physiology - ANSWERSThe study of body function
Homeostasis - ANSWERSA tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
Teleological approach to physiology - ANSWERSexplains why events happen
The mechanistic approach to physiology - ANSWERSis the "how" of a system
Placebo - ANSWERSa fake drug used in the testing of medication
Hypothesis - ANSWERSAn educated guess
Cation - ANSWERSpositive ion
Electrons - ANSWERSnegative charge
Essential vs. Nonessential amino acids - ANSWERSessential = amino acids that your
body does not produce and that are needed in your diet
nonessential = amino acids that your body produces
pH scale - ANSWERSscale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration
of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14
is basic
Body Compartments - ANSWERSintracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
intracellular - ANSWERSinside the cell
intercellular - ANSWERSbetween cells
extracellular - ANSWERSoutside the cell
Rules of diffusion - ANSWERS- membrane must be semipermeable
- substance must fit through openings
- must be an unequal amount of particles
Cellular organelles - ANSWERSspecialized structures within cells that perform specific
functions
, Tay-Sachs disease effects which cell organelle - ANSWERSa genetic disorder in which
lipids are not properly digested
Rough ER - ANSWERSER that is dotted with ribosomes
Golgi Body - ANSWERSprotein or lipid enters the cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWERSA system of membranes that modifies and packages
proteins for export by the cell
Cell membrane function - ANSWERSControls the movement of substances into and out
of the cell
Cell membrane proteins - ANSWERShelp move large molecules or aid in cell
recognition
Cholesterol - ANSWERSA type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part
of fat in foods.
Steps of protein synthesis - ANSWERS1. Transcription
2. Translation
Exocrine Glands - ANSWERSGlands that secrete substances outward through a duct
Levels of organization - ANSWERScell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Energy - ANSWERSthe ability to do work
Activation energy - ANSWERSEnergy needed to get a reaction started
Exergonic reactions - ANSWERSrelease energy
Enzymes - ANSWERSCatalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Enzyme specificity - ANSWERSEnzyme specificity is the concept that each enzyme
catalyzes only one kind of reaction.
Exocytosis - ANSWERSProcess by which a cell releases large amounts of material
Resting membrane potential - ANSWERSthe electrical charge of a neuron when it is not
active
CNS vs. PNS - ANSWERSCNS = spinal cord and brain
PNS = all outside nerve fibers, functions to send nerve impulses from our limbs to CNS
for processing
Guide Questions with Accurate
Answers
Physiology - ANSWERSThe study of body function
Homeostasis - ANSWERSA tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
Teleological approach to physiology - ANSWERSexplains why events happen
The mechanistic approach to physiology - ANSWERSis the "how" of a system
Placebo - ANSWERSa fake drug used in the testing of medication
Hypothesis - ANSWERSAn educated guess
Cation - ANSWERSpositive ion
Electrons - ANSWERSnegative charge
Essential vs. Nonessential amino acids - ANSWERSessential = amino acids that your
body does not produce and that are needed in your diet
nonessential = amino acids that your body produces
pH scale - ANSWERSscale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration
of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14
is basic
Body Compartments - ANSWERSintracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
intracellular - ANSWERSinside the cell
intercellular - ANSWERSbetween cells
extracellular - ANSWERSoutside the cell
Rules of diffusion - ANSWERS- membrane must be semipermeable
- substance must fit through openings
- must be an unequal amount of particles
Cellular organelles - ANSWERSspecialized structures within cells that perform specific
functions
, Tay-Sachs disease effects which cell organelle - ANSWERSa genetic disorder in which
lipids are not properly digested
Rough ER - ANSWERSER that is dotted with ribosomes
Golgi Body - ANSWERSprotein or lipid enters the cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWERSA system of membranes that modifies and packages
proteins for export by the cell
Cell membrane function - ANSWERSControls the movement of substances into and out
of the cell
Cell membrane proteins - ANSWERShelp move large molecules or aid in cell
recognition
Cholesterol - ANSWERSA type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part
of fat in foods.
Steps of protein synthesis - ANSWERS1. Transcription
2. Translation
Exocrine Glands - ANSWERSGlands that secrete substances outward through a duct
Levels of organization - ANSWERScell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Energy - ANSWERSthe ability to do work
Activation energy - ANSWERSEnergy needed to get a reaction started
Exergonic reactions - ANSWERSrelease energy
Enzymes - ANSWERSCatalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Enzyme specificity - ANSWERSEnzyme specificity is the concept that each enzyme
catalyzes only one kind of reaction.
Exocytosis - ANSWERSProcess by which a cell releases large amounts of material
Resting membrane potential - ANSWERSthe electrical charge of a neuron when it is not
active
CNS vs. PNS - ANSWERSCNS = spinal cord and brain
PNS = all outside nerve fibers, functions to send nerve impulses from our limbs to CNS
for processing
