NR 545 Final Exam Study Guide-Latest-2026
The Final Exam Includes Content From Weeks 1-8. The Deadline For This Exam Is Saturday Evening At 11:50 Pm. Week 8 Closes On Saturday Not Sunday.
Week 7 : Renal And Urological Disorders
• Questions Can Include Pathophysiology, Health Assessment (Normal And Abnormal), And Pharmacologic Treatment
• Review Required Readings, Course Lectures, Case Study And Learning Activity.
Fluid And Electrolyte Balance- Processes In The Kidney
• Hormones Controls Reabsorption Of Fluid And Electrolytes O Antidiuretic Hormone
▪ From Posterior Pituitary; Controls Reabsorption Of Water By Altering Permeability Of Distal Convoluted Tubule And Collecting Duct
O Aldosterone
▪ Secreted By Adrenal Cortex; Controls Sodium Reabsorption And Water By Exchanging Na Ions For K Or Hydrogen Ions In Distal
Convoluted Tubule
O Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
▪ From Heart; 3rd Hormone Controlling Fluid Balance By Reducing Na And Fluid Reabsorption In Kidneys
Renal Circulation Process
Laboratory Testing- Purpose And Interpretation ; Age Related Urinary Changes ; Conditions/Diagnoses Associated With Urine Color Changes
Diagnostic Test
• Urinalysis O Constituents And Characteristics Of Urine May Vary W/ Dietary Intake, Drugs, And Care W/ Which
Specimen Is Handled O Urine Is Normally: Clear, Straw Colored And Has Mild Color O Urine Ph Is 4.5-8.0 O Appearance
▪ Cloudy Indicate Presence Of Large Amounts Of Protein, Blood Cells Or Bacteria And Pus
▪ Dark Color Indicate Hematuria (Blood), Excessive Bilirubin Content Or Highly Concentrated Urine
▪ Unpleasant Or Unusual Odor Indicate Infection Or Result From Certain Dietary Components Or Medications
O Abnormal Constituents (Present In Significant Quantities) ▪
Blood (Hematuria)
• Small (Microscopic) Amounts Of Blood Indicates Infection, Inflammation, Or Tumors In Urinary Tract
• Large Numbers Of RBC (Gross Hematuria) Indicates Increased Glomerular Permeability Or Hemorrhage In Tract
▪ Protein (Proteinuria, Albuminuria)
• Indicates Leakage Of Albumin Or Mixed Plasma Proteins Into Filtrate D/T Inflammation And Increased Glomerular
Permeability
▪ Bacteria (Bacteriuria) And Pus (Pyuria)
• Indicates Infection In Urinary Tract
▪ Urinary Casts (Microscopic Sized Molds Of Tubules, Consisting Of One Or More Cells (Bacteria, Protein, And So On))
• Indicates Inflammation Of Kidney Tubules
▪ Specific Gravity
• Indicates Ability Of Tubules To Concentrate The Urine
• Very Low Specific Gravity= Dilute Urine; Related To Renal Failure
▪ Glucose And Ketones (Ketoacids)
• Found When DM Is Not Well Controlled • Blood Test O Elevated Serum Urea (BUN And Cr)
▪ Indicate Failure To Excrete Nitrogen Wastes D/T Decreased GFR
▪ Results From Protein Metabolism
o Metabolic Acidosis (Decreased Ph And Bicarb)
▪ Indicate Decreased GFR And Failure Of Tubules To Control Acid-Base Balance
o Anemia (Low Hgb)
▪ Indicated Decreased Erythropoietin Secretion And/Or Bone Marrow Depression D/T Accumulated Wastes
o Electrolytes
▪ Depend On Related Fluid Balance
▪ Retention Of Fluid= GFR Is Decreased And May Result In Dilution Effect
o Antibody Level Antistreptolysin O (ASO) Or Antistreptokinase (ASK)
▪ Used For Dx Of Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis O
Renin
▪ Indicate Cause Of HTN
• Other Test O Culture And Sensitivity On Urine Specimens
▪ Used To Identify The Causative Organism In Urinary Infection And Select Drug Tx
o Clearance Test Such As Cr Or Insulin Clearance Or Radioisotopestudy
▪ Used To Assess GFR
o Radiologic Test Such As Radionuclide Imagining, Angiography, US, CT, MRI And IV Pyelography(IVP)
, ▪ Used To Visualize Structures And Abnormalities In Urinary System
O Cystoscopy
▪ Visualizes Lower Urinary Tract And May Be Used In Performing A Biopsy Or Removing Kidney Stones
The Final Exam Includes Content From Weeks 1-8. The Deadline For This Exam Is Saturday Evening At 11:50 Pm. Week 8 Closes On Saturday Not Sunday.
Week 7 : Renal And Urological Disorders
• Questions Can Include Pathophysiology, Health Assessment (Normal And Abnormal), And Pharmacologic Treatment
• Review Required Readings, Course Lectures, Case Study And Learning Activity.
Fluid And Electrolyte Balance- Processes In The Kidney
• Hormones Controls Reabsorption Of Fluid And Electrolytes O Antidiuretic Hormone
▪ From Posterior Pituitary; Controls Reabsorption Of Water By Altering Permeability Of Distal Convoluted Tubule And Collecting Duct
O Aldosterone
▪ Secreted By Adrenal Cortex; Controls Sodium Reabsorption And Water By Exchanging Na Ions For K Or Hydrogen Ions In Distal
Convoluted Tubule
O Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
▪ From Heart; 3rd Hormone Controlling Fluid Balance By Reducing Na And Fluid Reabsorption In Kidneys
Renal Circulation Process
Laboratory Testing- Purpose And Interpretation ; Age Related Urinary Changes ; Conditions/Diagnoses Associated With Urine Color Changes
Diagnostic Test
• Urinalysis O Constituents And Characteristics Of Urine May Vary W/ Dietary Intake, Drugs, And Care W/ Which
Specimen Is Handled O Urine Is Normally: Clear, Straw Colored And Has Mild Color O Urine Ph Is 4.5-8.0 O Appearance
▪ Cloudy Indicate Presence Of Large Amounts Of Protein, Blood Cells Or Bacteria And Pus
▪ Dark Color Indicate Hematuria (Blood), Excessive Bilirubin Content Or Highly Concentrated Urine
▪ Unpleasant Or Unusual Odor Indicate Infection Or Result From Certain Dietary Components Or Medications
O Abnormal Constituents (Present In Significant Quantities) ▪
Blood (Hematuria)
• Small (Microscopic) Amounts Of Blood Indicates Infection, Inflammation, Or Tumors In Urinary Tract
• Large Numbers Of RBC (Gross Hematuria) Indicates Increased Glomerular Permeability Or Hemorrhage In Tract
▪ Protein (Proteinuria, Albuminuria)
• Indicates Leakage Of Albumin Or Mixed Plasma Proteins Into Filtrate D/T Inflammation And Increased Glomerular
Permeability
▪ Bacteria (Bacteriuria) And Pus (Pyuria)
• Indicates Infection In Urinary Tract
▪ Urinary Casts (Microscopic Sized Molds Of Tubules, Consisting Of One Or More Cells (Bacteria, Protein, And So On))
• Indicates Inflammation Of Kidney Tubules
▪ Specific Gravity
• Indicates Ability Of Tubules To Concentrate The Urine
• Very Low Specific Gravity= Dilute Urine; Related To Renal Failure
▪ Glucose And Ketones (Ketoacids)
• Found When DM Is Not Well Controlled • Blood Test O Elevated Serum Urea (BUN And Cr)
▪ Indicate Failure To Excrete Nitrogen Wastes D/T Decreased GFR
▪ Results From Protein Metabolism
o Metabolic Acidosis (Decreased Ph And Bicarb)
▪ Indicate Decreased GFR And Failure Of Tubules To Control Acid-Base Balance
o Anemia (Low Hgb)
▪ Indicated Decreased Erythropoietin Secretion And/Or Bone Marrow Depression D/T Accumulated Wastes
o Electrolytes
▪ Depend On Related Fluid Balance
▪ Retention Of Fluid= GFR Is Decreased And May Result In Dilution Effect
o Antibody Level Antistreptolysin O (ASO) Or Antistreptokinase (ASK)
▪ Used For Dx Of Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis O
Renin
▪ Indicate Cause Of HTN
• Other Test O Culture And Sensitivity On Urine Specimens
▪ Used To Identify The Causative Organism In Urinary Infection And Select Drug Tx
o Clearance Test Such As Cr Or Insulin Clearance Or Radioisotopestudy
▪ Used To Assess GFR
o Radiologic Test Such As Radionuclide Imagining, Angiography, US, CT, MRI And IV Pyelography(IVP)
, ▪ Used To Visualize Structures And Abnormalities In Urinary System
O Cystoscopy
▪ Visualizes Lower Urinary Tract And May Be Used In Performing A Biopsy Or Removing Kidney Stones
