CHS 200 (UNR) Exam 1 Study Guide Questions and Answers Graded A+
Mendel was a contemporary of which scientist? - Answers Darwin; Genetics and inheritance
patterns supported theory of natural selection
What did Mendel do to demonstrate inheritance in pea plants? - Answers Mendel pollenated the
pea plants himself to avoid the variability of nature as a a confounding variable in his
experiments.
A green wrinkly pea is an example of which, genotype or phenotype? - Answers Phenotype
What is the primary symptom of cystic fibrosis? - Answers Build up of mucus in the lungs that
can make one susceptible to infection.
Why is it important to type a patient's blood before blood transfusions? - Answers Blood cells
have markers on them so that the body can identify them as not foreign. If blood is given that
has antigens that do not match that of the person, the body will attack those cells.
Define an allele and describe how this is related to inheritance. - Answers An allele is a variant of
a gene found on the same place of a chromosome as another variant of the same gene which
code for a specific trait.
(a) What color would a flower be if incomplete dominance is expressed with a purple (dominant)
and white (recessive) flower? (b) What is a human disease that we discussed with this
inheritance pattern? - Answers The flower would most likely be purple, but its progeny would
likely have a lighter color flower. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a disease that we discussed that
has an incomplete dominance inheritance pattern.
What was the disorder that disrupted the politics of Spain leading to rule by dictator, General
Francis Franco? Include whether it is recessive or dominant, autosomal or sex-linked. - Answers
Hemophilia , sex-linked
Sickle cell anemia has an autosomal recessive pattern. What is the evolutionary advantage for
heterozygotes for this condition? - Answers Protects against malaria
Hemingway's cats with multiple toes is an example of what inheritance pattern? - Answers
polydactyly which has a variable expressivity inheritance pattern
variable expressivity - Answers individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that
vary in intensity
For what condition was the single gene identified and sequenced, and thus a candidate for gene
therapy ever since? - Answers Cystic Fibrosis (CFTR)
How was the bubble boy treated and cured of his disorder (an ineffective immune system?) -
Answers gene therapy
, gene therapy - Answers the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or
defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
What disorder did Emma Duncan have where she was surprised to have recurrence of disease? -
Answers BRCA gene for breast cancer
Who was the first to use the word "gene" for Mendel's element and recognized the four human
disorders? - Answers William Bateson
Discuss the meaning of Sir Archibald Garrod's expression, "inborn errors of metabolism." -
Answers certain genes were not expressed properly due to mutations which caused malformed
proteins (like enzymes) that play an important role in metabolic activity.
Regarding Sir Archibald Garrod's expression, "inborn errors of metabolism," what are 5 other
terms that need to be defined to understand this? - Answers metabolism, metabolic pathway,
anabolism, catabolism, disease gene
Single-gene mutations occur in what percent of newborns? - Answers 0.4% or 1/250
What beneficial trait do people with Laron syndrome (a trait that limits their height to less than
four feet) have? - Answers decreased risk of cancer, diabetes, or CVD
What does the single-gene mutation involved in Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) do? -
Answers dystrophin is involved with muscle contractions
List and describe the three theories of aging described in Sugar's text. - Answers a. Rate of
living theory of aging—accumulating organ and tissue damage.
b. Aging as an adaptive program—minimize competition for resources
c. Evolutionary Senescence theory—genes selected for or against depending on number and
survival of offspring
Describe issues older people have with temperature control, hypothermia, and heat stress. -
Answers cannot regulate internal temperature very well; less subcutaneous fat and slower blood
flow
Describe the specific problems older people have with vision. - Answers Presbyopia or
farsightedness, cataracts, and dry eyes
What is the (disease) evidence for the evolutionary theory of aging and why? - Answers even
though this genetic disease is lethal there is a lack of natural selection because the disease
allows for reproduction. Thus, the disease is still passed along through generations and is not
naturally selected out. Thus, aging occurs when natural selection no longer has as much power
over life and reproduction.
(a) What is the free radical theory of aging, (b) what invertebrate species are used to support
Mendel was a contemporary of which scientist? - Answers Darwin; Genetics and inheritance
patterns supported theory of natural selection
What did Mendel do to demonstrate inheritance in pea plants? - Answers Mendel pollenated the
pea plants himself to avoid the variability of nature as a a confounding variable in his
experiments.
A green wrinkly pea is an example of which, genotype or phenotype? - Answers Phenotype
What is the primary symptom of cystic fibrosis? - Answers Build up of mucus in the lungs that
can make one susceptible to infection.
Why is it important to type a patient's blood before blood transfusions? - Answers Blood cells
have markers on them so that the body can identify them as not foreign. If blood is given that
has antigens that do not match that of the person, the body will attack those cells.
Define an allele and describe how this is related to inheritance. - Answers An allele is a variant of
a gene found on the same place of a chromosome as another variant of the same gene which
code for a specific trait.
(a) What color would a flower be if incomplete dominance is expressed with a purple (dominant)
and white (recessive) flower? (b) What is a human disease that we discussed with this
inheritance pattern? - Answers The flower would most likely be purple, but its progeny would
likely have a lighter color flower. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a disease that we discussed that
has an incomplete dominance inheritance pattern.
What was the disorder that disrupted the politics of Spain leading to rule by dictator, General
Francis Franco? Include whether it is recessive or dominant, autosomal or sex-linked. - Answers
Hemophilia , sex-linked
Sickle cell anemia has an autosomal recessive pattern. What is the evolutionary advantage for
heterozygotes for this condition? - Answers Protects against malaria
Hemingway's cats with multiple toes is an example of what inheritance pattern? - Answers
polydactyly which has a variable expressivity inheritance pattern
variable expressivity - Answers individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that
vary in intensity
For what condition was the single gene identified and sequenced, and thus a candidate for gene
therapy ever since? - Answers Cystic Fibrosis (CFTR)
How was the bubble boy treated and cured of his disorder (an ineffective immune system?) -
Answers gene therapy
, gene therapy - Answers the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or
defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
What disorder did Emma Duncan have where she was surprised to have recurrence of disease? -
Answers BRCA gene for breast cancer
Who was the first to use the word "gene" for Mendel's element and recognized the four human
disorders? - Answers William Bateson
Discuss the meaning of Sir Archibald Garrod's expression, "inborn errors of metabolism." -
Answers certain genes were not expressed properly due to mutations which caused malformed
proteins (like enzymes) that play an important role in metabolic activity.
Regarding Sir Archibald Garrod's expression, "inborn errors of metabolism," what are 5 other
terms that need to be defined to understand this? - Answers metabolism, metabolic pathway,
anabolism, catabolism, disease gene
Single-gene mutations occur in what percent of newborns? - Answers 0.4% or 1/250
What beneficial trait do people with Laron syndrome (a trait that limits their height to less than
four feet) have? - Answers decreased risk of cancer, diabetes, or CVD
What does the single-gene mutation involved in Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) do? -
Answers dystrophin is involved with muscle contractions
List and describe the three theories of aging described in Sugar's text. - Answers a. Rate of
living theory of aging—accumulating organ and tissue damage.
b. Aging as an adaptive program—minimize competition for resources
c. Evolutionary Senescence theory—genes selected for or against depending on number and
survival of offspring
Describe issues older people have with temperature control, hypothermia, and heat stress. -
Answers cannot regulate internal temperature very well; less subcutaneous fat and slower blood
flow
Describe the specific problems older people have with vision. - Answers Presbyopia or
farsightedness, cataracts, and dry eyes
What is the (disease) evidence for the evolutionary theory of aging and why? - Answers even
though this genetic disease is lethal there is a lack of natural selection because the disease
allows for reproduction. Thus, the disease is still passed along through generations and is not
naturally selected out. Thus, aging occurs when natural selection no longer has as much power
over life and reproduction.
(a) What is the free radical theory of aging, (b) what invertebrate species are used to support
