CHS 200 UNR Midterm Exam Questions and Answers Graded A+
functions of chromosomes - Answers consists of a single enormously long linear dna molecule
associated with proteins that fold and pack the fine DNA thread into a more compact structure.
Chromsomes also are associated with many proteins
Gene - Answers A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Chromosomes - Answers threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes,
consists of 46 chromosomes
Phenotype - Answers An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Genotype - Answers An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
Allele - Answers Different forms of a gene
locus - Answers Location of a gene on a chromosome
autosomal recessive - Answers two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for
the disease or trait to develop
autosomal dominant - Answers inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome
germline - Answers a series of germ cells each descended or developed from earlier cells in the
series, regarded as continuing through successive generations of an organism.
somatic cells - Answers Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells
Prevalence - Answers The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition
present in a population at a given time.
Incidence - Answers number of new cases
genetic disorder - Answers An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or
chromosomes
chromosomal disorders - Answers breakage, loss, or translocation of genetic material during
meiosis
cell proliferation - Answers process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic division
metastasis - Answers spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body
Multistage model - Answers tumor initiation- results from irreversable genetic damage
tumor promotion- comprimises the selective clonal expansion of initiated cells
malignant conversion- transformation of a preneoplastic cell into one that expressed the
, malignant phenotype
Initiating agent inhibition - Answers normal cells display this, they proliferate until they reach a
finite cell density
contract inhibition - Answers The ability of cells to maintain a "distance" from one another
during mitosis; important for cellular communication, without it tumors arise
Angiogenesis - Answers formation of new blood vessels, resulting in stimulation of cell
proliferation
nervous system - Answers the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network,
consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Parasympathetic - Answers the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body,
conserving its energy
flight or fight response - Answers The flight-or-fight response is a response that occurs when an
organism confronted with a threatening situation prepares to fight or flee. This response is
controlled by the sympathetic system. This response includes rising heart and respiration rates,
constriction of blood vessels, increase in the levels of glucose in your body, and "goose bumps"
on your skin.
stress hormones - Answers hormones that trigger the body's physiological response to stress;
epinephrine and norepinephrine, stimulates ACTH, releases cortisol
mucosal surfaces - Answers the gastrointestinal, reproductive and respiratory tracts are in
direct contact with the external environment, and are susceptable to invasion by pathogens.
Epithelial surfaces: characterized by presense of closely packed, often thickened cells, resistant
to pathogens
functions of higher vertebrae - Answers -ability to distinguish "self" from "nonself"
-constitution ph physciological and chemical barriers to foreign substances
-the maintenance of non-specific mechanisms of cellular defense
Lymphatic - Answers differentiate in the CNS, drain extracellular fluid
-circulating lymphocytes encounter antigen in peripheral lymphoid
innate immunity - Answers Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth.
Responds to a broad range of pathogens. responses are rapid
acquired immunity - Answers Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
primary response - Answers first time the immune system combats a particular foreign
functions of chromosomes - Answers consists of a single enormously long linear dna molecule
associated with proteins that fold and pack the fine DNA thread into a more compact structure.
Chromsomes also are associated with many proteins
Gene - Answers A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Chromosomes - Answers threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes,
consists of 46 chromosomes
Phenotype - Answers An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Genotype - Answers An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
Allele - Answers Different forms of a gene
locus - Answers Location of a gene on a chromosome
autosomal recessive - Answers two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for
the disease or trait to develop
autosomal dominant - Answers inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome
germline - Answers a series of germ cells each descended or developed from earlier cells in the
series, regarded as continuing through successive generations of an organism.
somatic cells - Answers Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells
Prevalence - Answers The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition
present in a population at a given time.
Incidence - Answers number of new cases
genetic disorder - Answers An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or
chromosomes
chromosomal disorders - Answers breakage, loss, or translocation of genetic material during
meiosis
cell proliferation - Answers process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic division
metastasis - Answers spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body
Multistage model - Answers tumor initiation- results from irreversable genetic damage
tumor promotion- comprimises the selective clonal expansion of initiated cells
malignant conversion- transformation of a preneoplastic cell into one that expressed the
, malignant phenotype
Initiating agent inhibition - Answers normal cells display this, they proliferate until they reach a
finite cell density
contract inhibition - Answers The ability of cells to maintain a "distance" from one another
during mitosis; important for cellular communication, without it tumors arise
Angiogenesis - Answers formation of new blood vessels, resulting in stimulation of cell
proliferation
nervous system - Answers the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network,
consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Parasympathetic - Answers the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body,
conserving its energy
flight or fight response - Answers The flight-or-fight response is a response that occurs when an
organism confronted with a threatening situation prepares to fight or flee. This response is
controlled by the sympathetic system. This response includes rising heart and respiration rates,
constriction of blood vessels, increase in the levels of glucose in your body, and "goose bumps"
on your skin.
stress hormones - Answers hormones that trigger the body's physiological response to stress;
epinephrine and norepinephrine, stimulates ACTH, releases cortisol
mucosal surfaces - Answers the gastrointestinal, reproductive and respiratory tracts are in
direct contact with the external environment, and are susceptable to invasion by pathogens.
Epithelial surfaces: characterized by presense of closely packed, often thickened cells, resistant
to pathogens
functions of higher vertebrae - Answers -ability to distinguish "self" from "nonself"
-constitution ph physciological and chemical barriers to foreign substances
-the maintenance of non-specific mechanisms of cellular defense
Lymphatic - Answers differentiate in the CNS, drain extracellular fluid
-circulating lymphocytes encounter antigen in peripheral lymphoid
innate immunity - Answers Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth.
Responds to a broad range of pathogens. responses are rapid
acquired immunity - Answers Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
primary response - Answers first time the immune system combats a particular foreign
