AP BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
emergent properties - Correct Answers -new properties that emerge with each step
upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as
complexity increases
negative feedback - Correct Answers -a mechanism of response in which a stimulus
initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
positive feedback - Correct Answers -a physiological control mechanism in which a
change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
inductive reasoning - Correct Answers -reasoning based on observed patterns
polymer - Correct Answers -large compound formed from combinations of many
monomers
hydrolysis - Correct Answers -a chemical process in which a compound is broken down
and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water
enzyme - Correct Answers -protein that acts as a biological catalyst
phospholipids - Correct Answers -a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of
biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
cellular respiration - Correct Answers -process that releases energy by breaking down
glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
phosphorylation - Correct Answers -the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from
ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules
by phosphorylation
chemiosmosis - Correct Answers -a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of
an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
fermentation - Correct Answers -the process by which cells break down molecules to
release energy without using oxygen
, gametes - Correct Answers -reproductive cells, have only half the number of
chromosomes as body cells
meiosis - Correct Answers -a process in cell division during which the number of
chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus,
which results in the production of sex cells
somatic cell - Correct Answers -cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs,
except gametes
crossing over - Correct Answers -the interchange of sections between pairing
homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
transcription - Correct Answers -process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of
DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in mRNA
codons - Correct Answers -a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies
a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
RNA splicing - Correct Answers -process by which the introns are removed from RNA
transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together
mutations - Correct Answers -random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in
the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
repetitive DNA - Correct Answers -nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are
present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome.
transposons - Correct Answers -small mobile DNA segments
homeobox - Correct Answers -one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved
in bodily segmentation during embryonic development
genome project - Correct Answers -Research and technology development effort aimed
at mapping and sequencing some or all of the genome of human beings and other
organisms
adaptations - Correct Answers -the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow
organisms to live successfully in their environments
natural selection - Correct Answers -process by which individuals that are better suited
to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully
vestigial structures - Correct Answers -remnant of a structure that may have had an
important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern
species
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
emergent properties - Correct Answers -new properties that emerge with each step
upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as
complexity increases
negative feedback - Correct Answers -a mechanism of response in which a stimulus
initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
positive feedback - Correct Answers -a physiological control mechanism in which a
change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
inductive reasoning - Correct Answers -reasoning based on observed patterns
polymer - Correct Answers -large compound formed from combinations of many
monomers
hydrolysis - Correct Answers -a chemical process in which a compound is broken down
and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water
enzyme - Correct Answers -protein that acts as a biological catalyst
phospholipids - Correct Answers -a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of
biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
cellular respiration - Correct Answers -process that releases energy by breaking down
glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
phosphorylation - Correct Answers -the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from
ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules
by phosphorylation
chemiosmosis - Correct Answers -a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of
an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
fermentation - Correct Answers -the process by which cells break down molecules to
release energy without using oxygen
, gametes - Correct Answers -reproductive cells, have only half the number of
chromosomes as body cells
meiosis - Correct Answers -a process in cell division during which the number of
chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus,
which results in the production of sex cells
somatic cell - Correct Answers -cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs,
except gametes
crossing over - Correct Answers -the interchange of sections between pairing
homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
transcription - Correct Answers -process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of
DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in mRNA
codons - Correct Answers -a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies
a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
RNA splicing - Correct Answers -process by which the introns are removed from RNA
transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together
mutations - Correct Answers -random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in
the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
repetitive DNA - Correct Answers -nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are
present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome.
transposons - Correct Answers -small mobile DNA segments
homeobox - Correct Answers -one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved
in bodily segmentation during embryonic development
genome project - Correct Answers -Research and technology development effort aimed
at mapping and sequencing some or all of the genome of human beings and other
organisms
adaptations - Correct Answers -the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow
organisms to live successfully in their environments
natural selection - Correct Answers -process by which individuals that are better suited
to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully
vestigial structures - Correct Answers -remnant of a structure that may have had an
important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern
species
