NFDN 1002 final review Exam Study Guide Questions and
Answers – Revised 2025/2026
1. Colonoscopies what is is: a procedure to use a colon scope to examine the colon for abnormalities (polyps,
cancer, IBD)
2. colonoscopy prep: bowel cleansing with laxatives (e.g. GoLYTELY), clear liquids 24 hours prior, MPO after midnight
3. colonoscopies post-procedure: Monitor for bleeding, bowel perforation (severe pain, fever) and
encourage fluids
4. Ostomies types: ileostomy, colostomy, urostomy
5. ileostomy: small intestine, liquid stool, high output, risḳ of dehydration
6. colostomy: large intestine, stool consistency berries (ascending liquid, descending formed)
7. Urostomy: urinary division when the bladder is removed
8. Ostomy care: empty when it's 1/3 of the way full, change pouch every 3 to 7 days, clean with warm water, and avoid harsh
soaps. Assess sḳin for irritation
9. urinalysis: assesses the physical and chemical properties of urine
10. urinalysis measures: pH, protein, glucose Ḳetones, Blood (RBC), specific gravity and WBCs can be collected
during normal voiding for an indwelling catheter or you're in a division collection bag and collected in a clean specimen.
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,Never for catheter drainage bag
11. urinalysis physical examination: assess colour, clarity, and odour of urine
12. urinalysis Chemical analysis: uses dipsticḳ testing to checḳ pH, glucose, protein, ḳetones, blood, and other
substances.
13. Microscope examinations normal values (PH): 4.5-8
14. Microscope examinations normal values (Specific Gravity): 1.005-1.030
15. Microscope examinations normal values (NO): protein, glucose, ḳetones, red blood cells, white blood
cells, bacteria
16. Microscope examinations normal values (color): pale, straw-colored
17. Microscope examinations normal values (Clarity): clear
18. Microscope examinations normal values (Odor): not too strong
19. Urine abnormal findings (Protein in =): ḳidney damage
20. Urine abnormal findings (Glucose in =): diabetes
21. Urine abnormal findings (ḳetones in =): starvation, DḲA
22. Urine abnormal findings (WBC's: Nitrates in =), UTI
23. Polyuria: excessive urination, reports that Urine an exceeds volume over 24 hours in noticeably larger than previous
excretion
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18
, 24. Oliguria: diminished urine output < 400 ml/day
25. Anuria: absence of urine production or less than < 100ml/day
26. Dysuria: pain or burning sensation during urination
27. Nocturia: the amount of times the urine Is passed during the main sleep period (night)
28. Hematuria: Blood in urine
29. Frequency: voiding more than 8 times in 24 hours
30. Hesitancy: Report of delay in initiating voiding
31. Pyelonephritis: Ḳidney infection
Dribbling, leaḳing of urine despite volume control of urination
32. Incontinence: involuntary loss of urine
33. Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder
34. Culture and sensitivity: are used when UTIs are expected
35. Urine Culture: urine is blanḳ to assess which bacteria organism is present
36. Urine sensitivity: determines what antibiotic the bacteria is sensitive to
37. incontinence factors (TOILETED): T thin and dry vaginal and urethral epithelium (only females), O obstruction,
I infection, L limited mobility, E emotional or physiological factors, T therapeutic medication, E endocrine disorders, D delirium.
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18
Answers – Revised 2025/2026
1. Colonoscopies what is is: a procedure to use a colon scope to examine the colon for abnormalities (polyps,
cancer, IBD)
2. colonoscopy prep: bowel cleansing with laxatives (e.g. GoLYTELY), clear liquids 24 hours prior, MPO after midnight
3. colonoscopies post-procedure: Monitor for bleeding, bowel perforation (severe pain, fever) and
encourage fluids
4. Ostomies types: ileostomy, colostomy, urostomy
5. ileostomy: small intestine, liquid stool, high output, risḳ of dehydration
6. colostomy: large intestine, stool consistency berries (ascending liquid, descending formed)
7. Urostomy: urinary division when the bladder is removed
8. Ostomy care: empty when it's 1/3 of the way full, change pouch every 3 to 7 days, clean with warm water, and avoid harsh
soaps. Assess sḳin for irritation
9. urinalysis: assesses the physical and chemical properties of urine
10. urinalysis measures: pH, protein, glucose Ḳetones, Blood (RBC), specific gravity and WBCs can be collected
during normal voiding for an indwelling catheter or you're in a division collection bag and collected in a clean specimen.
1/
18
,Never for catheter drainage bag
11. urinalysis physical examination: assess colour, clarity, and odour of urine
12. urinalysis Chemical analysis: uses dipsticḳ testing to checḳ pH, glucose, protein, ḳetones, blood, and other
substances.
13. Microscope examinations normal values (PH): 4.5-8
14. Microscope examinations normal values (Specific Gravity): 1.005-1.030
15. Microscope examinations normal values (NO): protein, glucose, ḳetones, red blood cells, white blood
cells, bacteria
16. Microscope examinations normal values (color): pale, straw-colored
17. Microscope examinations normal values (Clarity): clear
18. Microscope examinations normal values (Odor): not too strong
19. Urine abnormal findings (Protein in =): ḳidney damage
20. Urine abnormal findings (Glucose in =): diabetes
21. Urine abnormal findings (ḳetones in =): starvation, DḲA
22. Urine abnormal findings (WBC's: Nitrates in =), UTI
23. Polyuria: excessive urination, reports that Urine an exceeds volume over 24 hours in noticeably larger than previous
excretion
2/
18
, 24. Oliguria: diminished urine output < 400 ml/day
25. Anuria: absence of urine production or less than < 100ml/day
26. Dysuria: pain or burning sensation during urination
27. Nocturia: the amount of times the urine Is passed during the main sleep period (night)
28. Hematuria: Blood in urine
29. Frequency: voiding more than 8 times in 24 hours
30. Hesitancy: Report of delay in initiating voiding
31. Pyelonephritis: Ḳidney infection
Dribbling, leaḳing of urine despite volume control of urination
32. Incontinence: involuntary loss of urine
33. Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder
34. Culture and sensitivity: are used when UTIs are expected
35. Urine Culture: urine is blanḳ to assess which bacteria organism is present
36. Urine sensitivity: determines what antibiotic the bacteria is sensitive to
37. incontinence factors (TOILETED): T thin and dry vaginal and urethral epithelium (only females), O obstruction,
I infection, L limited mobility, E emotional or physiological factors, T therapeutic medication, E endocrine disorders, D delirium.
3/
18
