2 • Key Terms 59
Key Terms
acid molecule that donates hydrogen ions and and the charged remains of the original, such as
increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a when water dissociates into H+ and OH-
solution electrolyte ion necessary for nerve impulse
adhesion attraction between water molecules and conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance
other molecules electron negatively charged subatomic particle that
aliphatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon consisting of a resides outside of the nucleus in the electron
linear chain of carbon atoms orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative
anion negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining charge of –1 unit
one or more electrons electron configuration arrangement of electrons in
aromatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon consisting of an atom’s electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6)
closed rings of carbon atoms electron orbital how electrons are spatially
atom the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where
chemical properties of an element we are most likely to find an electron
atomic number total number of protons in an atom electron transfer movement of electrons from one
atomic weight calculated mean of the atomic element to another; important in creating ionic
weights of an element’s isotopes bonds
balanced chemical equation statement of a electronegativity ability of some elements to attract
chemical reaction with the number of each type of electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring
atom equalized for both the products and reactants partial negative charges in molecules and creating
base molecule that donates hydroxide ions or partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and element one of 118 unique substances that cannot
decreases the hydrogen ions' concentration in a break down into smaller substances; each element
solution has unique properties and a specified number of
buffer substance that resists a change in pH by protons
absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions enantiomers molecules that share overall structure
calorie amount of heat required to change the and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms
temperature of one gram of water by one degree are three dimensionally placed such that they are
Celsius mirror images of each other
capillary action occurs because water molecules are equilibrium steady state of relative reactant and
attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow product concentration in reversible chemical
tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the reactions in a closed system
water molecules to the tubes' sides evaporation change from liquid to gaseous state at a
cation positive ion that is formed by an atom losing body of water's surface, plant leaves, or an
one or more electrons organism's skin
chemical bond interaction between two or more of functional group group of atoms that provides or
the same or different atoms that results in forming imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
molecules geometric isomer isomer with similar bonding
chemical reaction process leading to rearranging patterns differing in the placement of atoms
atoms in molecules alongside a double covalent bond
chemical reactivity the ability to combine and to heat of vaporization of water high amount of energy
chemically bond with each other required for liquid water to turn into water vapor
cohesion intermolecular forces between water hydrocarbon molecule that consists only of carbon
molecules caused by the polar nature of water; and hydrogen
responsible for surface tension hydrogen bond weak bond between slightly
compound substance composed of molecules positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly
consisting of atoms of at least two different negatively charged atoms in other molecules
elements hydrophilic describes ions or polar molecules that
covalent bond type of strong bond formed between interact well with other polar molecules such as
two atoms of the same or different elements; forms water
when electrons are shared between atoms hydrophobic describes uncharged nonpolar
dissociation release of an ion from a molecule such molecules that do not interact well with polar
that the original molecule now consists of an ion molecules such as water
Key Terms
acid molecule that donates hydrogen ions and and the charged remains of the original, such as
increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a when water dissociates into H+ and OH-
solution electrolyte ion necessary for nerve impulse
adhesion attraction between water molecules and conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance
other molecules electron negatively charged subatomic particle that
aliphatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon consisting of a resides outside of the nucleus in the electron
linear chain of carbon atoms orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative
anion negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining charge of –1 unit
one or more electrons electron configuration arrangement of electrons in
aromatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon consisting of an atom’s electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6)
closed rings of carbon atoms electron orbital how electrons are spatially
atom the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where
chemical properties of an element we are most likely to find an electron
atomic number total number of protons in an atom electron transfer movement of electrons from one
atomic weight calculated mean of the atomic element to another; important in creating ionic
weights of an element’s isotopes bonds
balanced chemical equation statement of a electronegativity ability of some elements to attract
chemical reaction with the number of each type of electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring
atom equalized for both the products and reactants partial negative charges in molecules and creating
base molecule that donates hydroxide ions or partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and element one of 118 unique substances that cannot
decreases the hydrogen ions' concentration in a break down into smaller substances; each element
solution has unique properties and a specified number of
buffer substance that resists a change in pH by protons
absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions enantiomers molecules that share overall structure
calorie amount of heat required to change the and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms
temperature of one gram of water by one degree are three dimensionally placed such that they are
Celsius mirror images of each other
capillary action occurs because water molecules are equilibrium steady state of relative reactant and
attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow product concentration in reversible chemical
tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the reactions in a closed system
water molecules to the tubes' sides evaporation change from liquid to gaseous state at a
cation positive ion that is formed by an atom losing body of water's surface, plant leaves, or an
one or more electrons organism's skin
chemical bond interaction between two or more of functional group group of atoms that provides or
the same or different atoms that results in forming imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
molecules geometric isomer isomer with similar bonding
chemical reaction process leading to rearranging patterns differing in the placement of atoms
atoms in molecules alongside a double covalent bond
chemical reactivity the ability to combine and to heat of vaporization of water high amount of energy
chemically bond with each other required for liquid water to turn into water vapor
cohesion intermolecular forces between water hydrocarbon molecule that consists only of carbon
molecules caused by the polar nature of water; and hydrogen
responsible for surface tension hydrogen bond weak bond between slightly
compound substance composed of molecules positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly
consisting of atoms of at least two different negatively charged atoms in other molecules
elements hydrophilic describes ions or polar molecules that
covalent bond type of strong bond formed between interact well with other polar molecules such as
two atoms of the same or different elements; forms water
when electrons are shared between atoms hydrophobic describes uncharged nonpolar
dissociation release of an ion from a molecule such molecules that do not interact well with polar
that the original molecule now consists of an ion molecules such as water
