PSYC-140 Final Exam Questions With
Correct Solutions || 2025.2026
\.longitudinal study design - Answer-following individuals over a long period of time with
multiple assessment points
\.cross-sectional study - Answer-comparing different age groups at the same time
\.naturalistic observation - Answer-research method in which one observes a subject outside of
a research setting
\.case study - Answer-research method involving a direct observation of a patient; interviewing
in great detail
\.study/interview - Answer-research method in which surveys administered anonymously or
asked in and interview format in-person
\.correlational research - Answer-research method of seeing how two variables relate; looking
at strength and direction of relationship
\.experiments - Answer-research method in which you tightly control the variables, setting, and
participants which manipulating one factor believed to have influence.
\.Hawthorne effect - Answer-A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness
of being studied
,\.What are the five research methods discussed in this module? - Answer-- naturalistic
observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
\.three types of prenatal diagnostic tests - Answer-ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic
villus sampling (CVA)
\.ultrasound - Answer-prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sounds to create
an image of the baby
\.amniocentesis - Answer-Prenatal diagnostic technique involving needle puncture of the
amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic
abnormalities
\.chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - Answer-Prenatal diagnostic technique in which a small sample
of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and
congenital defects in the fetus.
\.what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? - Answer-passive, evocative,
and active
\.passive genotype-environment interaction - Answer-parents provide genetic disposition and
nurturing context to foster certain qualities
\.evocative genotype-environment interaction - Answer-parents provide genetic predisposition
for a child to evoke certain reactions in others that will influence their development
,\.active genotype-environment interaction - Answer-parents provide genetic predisposition that
results in a child actively seeking out environmental conditions that foster development of
certain qualities
\.three periods of neonatal development - Answer-germinal, embryonic, and fetal
\.germinal period - Answer-week 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
\.embryonic period - Answer-week 2-8
layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
\.fetal period - Answer-month 2-9
major growth and development
\.teratogens - Answer-agents that interfere with natural growth and produce a birth defect
\.which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? - Answer-- gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
\.When does organogenesis begin? - Answer-Around week 3 through week 8
\.why is stress a teratogen? - Answer-stress causes blood to be directed away from fetus and
towards mother's brain, limbs, heart. Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal HR
, \.why is cognitive development more susceptible? - Answer-brain develops all throughout
pregnancy
\.what are the three phases of childbirth? - Answer-- early & active labor
- delivery of baby
- delivery of the placenta
\.early labor and active labor - Answer-- longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
- 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
\.delivery of baby - Answer-- begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs
\.delivery of placenta - Answer-- 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
\.three drugs used in childbirth - Answer-analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
\.Analgesia vs Anesthesia - Answer-drugs that relieve pain; includes narcotics, tranquilizers, and
barbiturates
\.anesthesia - Answer-drugs that blocks pain, can be general or epidural
Correct Solutions || 2025.2026
\.longitudinal study design - Answer-following individuals over a long period of time with
multiple assessment points
\.cross-sectional study - Answer-comparing different age groups at the same time
\.naturalistic observation - Answer-research method in which one observes a subject outside of
a research setting
\.case study - Answer-research method involving a direct observation of a patient; interviewing
in great detail
\.study/interview - Answer-research method in which surveys administered anonymously or
asked in and interview format in-person
\.correlational research - Answer-research method of seeing how two variables relate; looking
at strength and direction of relationship
\.experiments - Answer-research method in which you tightly control the variables, setting, and
participants which manipulating one factor believed to have influence.
\.Hawthorne effect - Answer-A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness
of being studied
,\.What are the five research methods discussed in this module? - Answer-- naturalistic
observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
\.three types of prenatal diagnostic tests - Answer-ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic
villus sampling (CVA)
\.ultrasound - Answer-prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sounds to create
an image of the baby
\.amniocentesis - Answer-Prenatal diagnostic technique involving needle puncture of the
amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic
abnormalities
\.chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - Answer-Prenatal diagnostic technique in which a small sample
of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and
congenital defects in the fetus.
\.what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? - Answer-passive, evocative,
and active
\.passive genotype-environment interaction - Answer-parents provide genetic disposition and
nurturing context to foster certain qualities
\.evocative genotype-environment interaction - Answer-parents provide genetic predisposition
for a child to evoke certain reactions in others that will influence their development
,\.active genotype-environment interaction - Answer-parents provide genetic predisposition that
results in a child actively seeking out environmental conditions that foster development of
certain qualities
\.three periods of neonatal development - Answer-germinal, embryonic, and fetal
\.germinal period - Answer-week 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
\.embryonic period - Answer-week 2-8
layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
\.fetal period - Answer-month 2-9
major growth and development
\.teratogens - Answer-agents that interfere with natural growth and produce a birth defect
\.which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? - Answer-- gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
\.When does organogenesis begin? - Answer-Around week 3 through week 8
\.why is stress a teratogen? - Answer-stress causes blood to be directed away from fetus and
towards mother's brain, limbs, heart. Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal HR
, \.why is cognitive development more susceptible? - Answer-brain develops all throughout
pregnancy
\.what are the three phases of childbirth? - Answer-- early & active labor
- delivery of baby
- delivery of the placenta
\.early labor and active labor - Answer-- longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
- 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
\.delivery of baby - Answer-- begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs
\.delivery of placenta - Answer-- 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
\.three drugs used in childbirth - Answer-analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
\.Analgesia vs Anesthesia - Answer-drugs that relieve pain; includes narcotics, tranquilizers, and
barbiturates
\.anesthesia - Answer-drugs that blocks pain, can be general or epidural
