Module 7 BIOCHEM 2EE3: Carbohydrate Metabolism with correct answers 2025/2026 By what is fructose biphosphatase inhibited by? and what does it regulate? - correct answers High AMP concentrations and fructose-2,6-biphosphate, it regulates Flux through g

Module 7 BIOCHEM 2EE3: Carbohydrate Metabolism with correct answers 2025/2026 By what is fructose biphosphatase inhibited by? and what does it regulate? - correct answers High AMP concentrations and fructose-2,6-biphosphate, it regulates Flux through gluconeogenesis. By what is Phosphofructokinase allosterically up-regulated by? - correct answers fructose-2,6-bisphosphate Complete the net equation: 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH - ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ - correct answers glucose + x4 ADP + x2 GDP + x6 Pi + x2 NAD+ Complete the NET equation: Carbon-6-glucose - ___ + ___ + ___ - correct answers x2 three-carbon pyruvate, x2 ATP and x2 NADH. From where are glucose residues sequentially removed from during glycogen degradation to provide a rapid surge of glucose release when the body needs it? - correct answers Several non-reducing ends. How are glycogen phosphorylase and synthase regulated allosterically? - correct answers glycogen phosphorylase- high AMP concentrations glycogen synthase- high glucose-6-phosphate concentrations. How are glycogen phosphorylase and synthase regulated covalently? - correct answers glycogen phosphorylase- phosphorylation by kinase activates it. dephosphorylating by phosphatase inactivates it. glycogen synthase- phosphorylation by kinase inactivates it. dephosphorylating by phosphatase activates it. How are steps 1, 3 and 10 by-passed in gluconeogenesis? - correct answers by glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose biphosphatase, PEP carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase. How can gluconeogenesis occur regardless of the large changes in free energy? - correct answers The three non-equilibrium steps are by passed in gluconeogenesis. How is phosphorylation and dephosphorylating controlled? - correct answers Hormonal signals such as insulin (dephosphorylating by phosphatase) and glucagon & epinephrine (phosphorylation by kinase) How many reactions are in glycolysis and what is converted to what? - correct answers 10 reactions and glucose to pyruvate. How many reducing ends and non reducing ends does glycogen have? - correct answers a single reducing end and several non reducing end If high concentrations of AMP... - correct answers Low cell energy status (Low ATP) If high concentrations of ATP... - correct answers demand is met and glycogen phosphorylase is inhibited. In order for glycolysis to continue to convert glucose to pyruvate... - correct answers NAD+ must be regenerated from NADH T or F: Glycogen degradation and synthesis are highly regulated processes. - correct answers True T or F: Glycolysis can't proceed in the absence of oxygen. - correct answers F - It can proceed in the absence of oxygen. T or F: Regardless of conditions both fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,2-bisphosphate are synthesized - correct answers F- conditions favor the synthesis of one or the other, never both the same. Term that defines the body's ability to synthesize glucose de novo? - correct answers gluconeogenesis Through what process is Glucose sequentially broken down? - correct answers Glycolysis What are the product of fermentation in yeast and humans? - correct answers Yeast- ethenol Humans- Lactate What can precursors such as amino acids, citric acid cycle intermediates and lactate via pyruvate oxidation be converted to and for what? - correct answers Oxaloacetate to be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis. What does Glycogen phosphorylase do exactly? - correct answers Catalyzes the phosphorolysis of glycogen with the addition of Pi. What enzyme regulates glycogen breakdown and synthesis? - correct answers Glycogen phosphorylase and synthase, respectively. What forms the branch points? - correct answers Alpha-1,6 bonds What inhibits Hexokinase? - correct answers its product glucose-6-phospate in high concentrations functions as a signal. What is citrate a product of? - correct answers tricarboxylic acid cycle downstream from glycolisis. What is glucose-6-phosphate metabolized too? why? - correct answers fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, so they can feed into glycolysis and be metabolized to produce energy. What is step 1 of glycolysis catalyzed by? - correct answers Hexokinase What is step 3 of glycolysis catalyzed by? and what inhibits that? - correct answers Phosphofructokinase, inhibited by high ATP and citrate concentrations. What is the brain's preferred fuel? - correct answers glucose What is the name of the term that defines the absence of oxygen? - correct answers anaerobic conditions. What is the pentose phosphate pathway? - correct answers Glucose broken down to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis and NADPH for reducing power in anabolic pathways such as fatty acid synthesis. What is used by glycogen synthase as energy in order to catalyze the synthesis of glycogen-1-phosphate? - correct answers UTP which is similar to ATP What links the glucose subunits linearly? - correct answers Alpha-1,4 bonds link What occurs in conditions where ribose-5-phosphate is required for nucleotide synthesis? - correct answers The pentose phosphate pathway will diver its carbon production. What results from the catalysis of the phosphorolysis of glycogen from glycogen phosphorylase? - correct answers glucose-1-phosphate When O2 is present NAD+ is regenerated by...? what about when O2 is absent? - correct answers present: ETC in mitochondria. absent: fermentation. Where can NADH be oxidized? - correct answers ETC (electron transport chain) in mitochondria. Where does gluconeogenesis take place? - correct answers liver and somewhat kidney Where is glycogen abundant in the human body? - correct answers The liver, contributing 7% of the wet weight. Which enzyme catalyze reactions in glycolysis are considered to be irreversible? why? - correct answers 1 and 3 due to these being targets for the control of flux as they are associated with large change in free energy. Which enzyme converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate and why? - correct answers Phosphoglucomutase enzyme so it can enter glycolysis at reaction 2. Which enzyme oxidizes NADH which reduces pyruvate to lactate and regenerates NAD+ which allows for glycolysis to continue? - correct answers lactate dehydrogenase Why are some enzymatic reactions in metabolism very tightly regulated and controlled? - correct answers In order to tightly match the supply of energy (ATP) with the demand for energy depending on metabolic needs. (supply and demand) By what is fructose biphosphatase inhibited by? and what does it regulate? - correct answers High AMP concentrations and fructose-2,6-biphosphate, it regulates Flux through gluconeogenesis. By what is Phosphofructokinase allosterically up-regulated by? - correct answers fructose-2,6-bisphosphate Complete the net equation: 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH - ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ - correct answers glucose + x4 ADP + x2 GDP + x6 Pi + x2 NAD+ Complete the NET equation: Carbon-6-glucose - ___ + ___ + ___ - correct answers x2 three-carbon pyruvate, x2 ATP and x2 NADH. From where are glucose residues sequentially removed from during glycogen degradation to provide a rapid surge of glucose release when the body needs it? - correct answers Several non-reducing ends. How are glycogen phosphorylase and synthase regulated allosterically? - correct answers glycogen phosphorylase- high AMP concentrations glycogen synthase- high glucose-6-phosphate concentrations. How are glycogen phosphorylase and synthase regulated covalently? - correct answers glycogen phosphorylase- phosphorylation by kinase activates it. dephosphorylating by phosphatase inactivates it. glycogen synthase- phosphorylation by kinase inactivates it. dephosphorylating by phosphatase activates it. How are steps 1, 3 and 10 by-passed in gluconeogenesis? - correct answers by glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose biphosphatase, PEP carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase. How can gluconeogenesis occur regardless of the large changes in free energy? - correct answers The three non-equilibrium steps are by passed in gluconeogenesis. How is phosphorylation and dephosphorylating controlled? - correct answers Hormonal signals such as insulin (dephosphorylating by phosphatase) and glucagon & epinephrine (phosphorylation by kinase) How many reactions are in glycolysis and what is converted to what? - correct answers 10 reactions and glucose to pyruvate. How many reducing ends and non reducing ends does glycogen have? - correct answers a single reducing end and several non reducing end If high concentrations of AMP... - correct answers Low cell energy status (Low ATP) If high concentrations of ATP... - correct answers demand is met and glycogen phosphorylase is inhibited. In order for glycolysis to continue to convert glucose to pyruvate... - correct answers NAD+ must be regenerated from NADH T or F: Glycogen degradation and synthesis are highly regulated processes. - correct answers True T or F: Glycolysis can't proceed in the absence of oxygen. - correct answers F - It can proceed in the absence of oxygen. T or F: Regardless of conditions both fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,2-bisphosphate are synthesized - correct answers F- conditions favor the synthesis of one or the other, never both the same. Term that defines the body's ability to synthesize glucose de novo? - correct answers gluconeogenesis Through what process is Glucose sequentially broken down? - correct answers Glycolysis What are the product of fermentation in yeast and humans? - correct answers Yeast- ethenol Humans- Lactate What can precursors such as amino acids, citric acid cycle intermediates and lactate via pyruvate oxidation be converted to and for what? - correct answers Oxaloacetate to be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis. What does Glycogen phosphorylase do exactly? - correct answers Catalyzes the phosphorolysis of glycogen with the addition of Pi. What enzyme regulates glycogen breakdown and synthesis? - correct answers Glycogen phosphorylase and synthase, respectively. What forms the branch points? - correct answers Alpha-1,6 bonds What inhibits Hexokinase? - correct answers its product glucose-6-phospate in high concentrations functions as a signal. What is citrate a product of? - correct answers tricarboxylic acid cycle downstream from glycolisis. What is glucose-6-phosphate metabolized too? why? - correct answers fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, so they can feed into glycolysis and be metabolized to produce energy. What is step 1 of glycolysis catalyzed by? - correct answers Hexokinase What is step 3 of glycolysis catalyzed by? and what inhibits that? - correct answers Phosphofructokinase, inhibited by high ATP and citrate concentrations. What is the brain's preferred fuel? - correct answers glucose What is the name of the term that defines the absence of oxygen? - correct answers anaerobic conditions. What is the pentose phosphate pathway? - correct answers Glucose broken down to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis and NADPH for reducing power in anabolic pathways such as fatty acid synthesis. What is used by glycogen synthase as energy in order to catalyze the synthesis of glycogen-1-phosphate? - correct answers UTP which is similar to ATP What links the glucose subunits linearly? - correct answers Alpha-1,4 bonds link What occurs in conditions where ribose-5-phosphate is required for nucleotide synthesis? - correct answers The pentose phosphate pathway will diver its carbon production. What results from the catalysis of the phosphorolysis of glycogen from glycogen phosphorylase? - correct answers glucose-1-phosphate When O2 is present NAD+ is regenerated by...? what about when O2 is absent? - correct answers present: ETC in mitochondria. absent: fermentation. Where can NADH be oxidized? - correct answers ETC (electron transport chain) in mitochondria. Where does gluconeogenesis take place? - correct answers liver and somewhat kidney Where is glycogen abundant in the human body? - correct answers The liver, contributing 7% of the wet weight. Which enzyme catalyze reactions in glycolysis are considered to be irreversible? why? - correct answers 1 and 3 due to these being targets for the control of flux as they are associated with large change in free energy. Which enzyme converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate and why? - correct answers Phosphoglucomutase enzyme so it can enter glycolysis at reaction 2. Which enzyme oxidizes NADH which reduces pyruvate to lactate and regenerates NAD+ which allows for glycolysis to continue? - correct answers lactate dehydrogenase Why are some enzymatic reactions in metabolism very tightly regulated and controlled? - correct answers In order to tightly match the supply of energy (ATP) with the demand for energy depending on metabolic needs. (supply and demand) By what is fructose biphosphatase inhibited by? and what does it regulate? - correct answers High AMP concentrations and fructose-2,6-biphosphate, it regulates Flux through gluconeogenesis. By what is Phosphofructokinase allosterically up-regulated by? - correct answers fructose-2,6-bisphosphate Complete the net equation: 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH - ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ - correct answers glucose + x4 ADP + x2 GDP + x6 Pi + x2 NAD+ Complete the NET equation: Carbon-6-glucose - ___ + ___ + ___ - correct answers x2 three-carbon pyruvate, x2 ATP and x2 NADH. From where are glucose residues sequentially removed from during glycogen degradation to provide a rapid surge of glucose release when the body needs it? - correct answers Several non-reducing ends. How are glycogen phosphorylase and synthase regulated allosterically? - correct answers glycogen phosphorylase- high AMP concentrations glycogen synthase- high glucose-6-phosphate concentrations. How are glycogen phosphorylase and synthase regulated covalently? - correct answers glycogen phosphorylase- phosphorylation by kinase activates it. dephosphorylating by phosphatase inactivates it. glycogen synthase- phosphorylation by kinase inactivates it. dephosphorylating by phosphatase activates it. How are steps 1, 3 and 10 by-passed in gluconeogenesis? - correct answers by glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose biphosphatase, PEP carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase. How can gluconeogenesis occur regardless of the large changes in free energy? - correct answers The three non-equilibrium steps are by passed in gluconeogenesis. How is phosphorylation and dephosphorylating controlled? - correct answers Hormonal signals such as insulin (dephosphorylating by phosphatase) and glucagon & epinephrine (phosphorylation by kinase) How many reactions are in glycolysis and what is converted to what? - correct answers 10 reactions and glucose to pyruvate. How many reducing ends and non reducing ends does glycogen have? - correct answers a single reducing end and several non reducing end If high concentrations of AMP... - correct answers Low cell energy status (Low ATP) If high concentrations of ATP... - correct answers demand is met and glycogen phosphorylase is inhibited. In order for glycolysis to continue to convert glucose to pyruvate... - correct answers NAD+ must be regenerated from NADH T or F: Glycogen degradation and synthesis are highly regulated processes. - correct answers True T or F: Glycolysis can't proceed in the absence of oxygen. - correct answers F - It can proceed in the absence of oxygen. T or F: Regardless of conditions both fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,2-bisphosphate are synthesized - correct answers F- conditions favor the synthesis of one or the other, never both the same. Term that defines the body's ability to synthesize glucose de novo? - correct answers gluconeogenesis Through what process is Glucose sequentially broken down? - correct answers Glycolysis What are the product of fermentation in yeast and humans? - correct answers Yeast- ethenol Humans- Lactate What can precursors such as amino acids, citric acid cycle intermediates and lactate via pyruvate oxidation be converted to and for what? - correct answers Oxaloacetate to be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis. What does Glycogen phosphorylase do exactly? - correct answers Catalyzes the phosphorolysis of glycogen with the addition of Pi. What enzyme regulates glycogen breakdown and synthesis? - correct answers Glycogen phosphorylase and synthase, respectively. What forms the branch points? - correct answers Alpha-1,6 bonds What inhibits Hexokinase? - correct answers its product glucose-6-phospate in high concentrations functions as a signal. What is citrate a product of? - correct answers tricarboxylic acid cycle downstream from glycolisis. What is glucose-6-phosphate metabolized too? why? - correct answers fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, so they can feed into glycolysis and be metabolized to produce energy. What is step 1 of glycolysis catalyzed by? - correct answers Hexokinase What is step 3 of glycolysis catalyzed by? and what inhibits that? - correct answers Phosphofructokinase, inhibited by high ATP and citrate concentrations. What is the brain's preferred fuel? - correct answers glucose What is the name of the term that defines the absence of oxygen? - correct answers anaerobic conditions. What is the pentose phosphate pathway? - correct answers Glucose broken down to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis and NADPH for reducing power in anabolic pathways such as fatty acid synthesis. What is used by glycogen synthase as energy in order to catalyze the synthesis of glycogen-1-phosphate? - correct answers UTP which is similar to ATP What links the glucose subunits linearly? - correct answers Alpha-1,4 bonds link What occurs in conditions where ribose-5-phosphate is required for nucleotide synthesis? - correct answers The pentose phosphate pathway will diver its carbon production. What results from the catalysis of the phosphorolysis of glycogen from glycogen phosphorylase? - correct answers glucose-1-phosphate When O2 is present NAD+ is regenerated by...? what about when O2 is absent? - correct answers present: ETC in mitochondria. absent: fermentation. Where can NADH be oxidized? - correct answers ETC (electron transport chain) in mitochondria. Where does gluconeogenesis take place? - correct answers liver and somewhat kidney Where is glycogen abundant in the human body? - correct answers The liver, contributing 7% of the wet weight. Which enzyme catalyze reactions in glycolysis are considered to be irreversible? why? - correct answers 1 and 3 due to these being targets for the control of flux as they are associated with large change in free energy. Which enzyme converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate and why? - correct answers Phosphoglucomutase enzyme so it can enter glycolysis at reaction 2. Which enzyme oxidizes NADH which reduces pyruvate to lactate and regenerates NAD+ which allows for glycolysis to continue? - correct answers lactate dehydrogenase Why are some enzymatic reactions in metabolism very tightly regulated and controlled? - correct answers In order to tightly match the supply of energy (ATP) with the demand for energy depending on metabolic needs. (supply and demand)