Proximal tubule
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reabsorb na+, cl-, hco3- k+, h2o, glucose, amino acids.
secretes h+, organic acids and bases
Focal (partial) + focal aware + focal impaired awareness
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begin in one cerebral hemisphere
- Clinical manifestations vary with the site of origin (motor vs non-motor)
and degree of spread
- Focal aware (simple partial): client remains conscious
- Focal impaired awareness (complex partial): causes alteration of
awareness, can spread to the opposite hemisphere (focal bilateral tonic-
clonic seizures (generalized secondary)), automatisms are often seen (lip
smacking, chewing, swallowing, finger rubbing, etc.)
Definition of dementia
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a general term for the impaired ability to remember, think, or make
decisions that interferes with doing everyday activities
ASA
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pts with liver cirrhosis often have low platelets → discontinue due to
potential bleed
RNA or DNA?
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, a: rna
b: dna
c: rna
4 causes of cardiac arrhythmias
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abnormal rhythmicity of pacemaker, pacemaker not from sinus node,
abnormal pathways of impulse transmission through heart, electrical blocks
at different points of pacemaker path
bowman's capsule/glomerulus
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pushes out anything water soluble, end of it determines GFR
Drug classes of antiarrhythmias
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1: sodium channel blockers (less Na in cell, delay AP)
2: beta blockers (slow channel tissues thus slowing SA/AV signals, activates
parasympathetic (decrease HR))
3: potassium channel blockers (less K out of cell, delay AP)
4: calcium channel blockers (less Ca in cell, delay AP) (DHP vasodilator
, peripheral vessels (-ipine), do not suppress AV/SA conduction; non DHP is
cardioselective (decreases contractions, slow HR))
Classless:
- digoxin (longer refractory phase, "bottom" of AP wave
- Adenosine (drags out plateau, "top" of AP wave
- Atropine: deactivates parasympathetic
- Beta 2 agonists: activates sympathetic
Risks of delirium
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Infection, multiple medications, change in environment, dehydration,
surgery, injury, constipation, pain
early distal tubule
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reabsorbs na+, cl-, ca2+, mg2+
Multivitamin
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continue in patients with impaired liver function, but monitor lab values of
fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
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reabsorb na+, cl-, hco3- k+, h2o, glucose, amino acids.
secretes h+, organic acids and bases
Focal (partial) + focal aware + focal impaired awareness
,Give this one a try later!
begin in one cerebral hemisphere
- Clinical manifestations vary with the site of origin (motor vs non-motor)
and degree of spread
- Focal aware (simple partial): client remains conscious
- Focal impaired awareness (complex partial): causes alteration of
awareness, can spread to the opposite hemisphere (focal bilateral tonic-
clonic seizures (generalized secondary)), automatisms are often seen (lip
smacking, chewing, swallowing, finger rubbing, etc.)
Definition of dementia
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a general term for the impaired ability to remember, think, or make
decisions that interferes with doing everyday activities
ASA
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pts with liver cirrhosis often have low platelets → discontinue due to
potential bleed
RNA or DNA?
Give this one a try later!
, a: rna
b: dna
c: rna
4 causes of cardiac arrhythmias
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abnormal rhythmicity of pacemaker, pacemaker not from sinus node,
abnormal pathways of impulse transmission through heart, electrical blocks
at different points of pacemaker path
bowman's capsule/glomerulus
Give this one a try later!
pushes out anything water soluble, end of it determines GFR
Drug classes of antiarrhythmias
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1: sodium channel blockers (less Na in cell, delay AP)
2: beta blockers (slow channel tissues thus slowing SA/AV signals, activates
parasympathetic (decrease HR))
3: potassium channel blockers (less K out of cell, delay AP)
4: calcium channel blockers (less Ca in cell, delay AP) (DHP vasodilator
, peripheral vessels (-ipine), do not suppress AV/SA conduction; non DHP is
cardioselective (decreases contractions, slow HR))
Classless:
- digoxin (longer refractory phase, "bottom" of AP wave
- Adenosine (drags out plateau, "top" of AP wave
- Atropine: deactivates parasympathetic
- Beta 2 agonists: activates sympathetic
Risks of delirium
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Infection, multiple medications, change in environment, dehydration,
surgery, injury, constipation, pain
early distal tubule
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reabsorbs na+, cl-, ca2+, mg2+
Multivitamin
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continue in patients with impaired liver function, but monitor lab values of
fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
