Bio 253 Final Exam– Questions With Clear
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Terms in this set (241)
The liquid component, making up about 55% of
Plasma blood volume, containing water, electrolytes,
proteins, nutrients, and waste products.
Red Blood Cells Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(Erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells Part of the immune system, defending against
(Leukocytes) infection.
Platelets (Thrombocytes) Involved in blood clotting.
Red blood cells are biconcave discs without a
Description of a Red nucleus or organelles, which increases surface area
Blood Cell for gas exchange. They are 7-8 µm in diameter and
contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen.
Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and
releases it in tissues. It also transports a small
Function of Hemoglobin
amount of carbon dioxide from tissues back to the
lungs, helping to maintain blood pH.
Erythrocytes primarily use anaerobic glycolysis to
Metabolic Pathway for produce ATP since they do not have mitochondria.
Erythrocytes to Produce This pathway converts glucose to lactate,
ATP generating a small amount of ATP necessary for
cellular functions.
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow,
Production of Red Blood
specifically in the red bone marrow found in various
Cells
bones, including the pelvis and sternum.
, Hematopoiesis is the process through which blood
cells are formed. It begins with hematopoietic stem
Formation of Blood Cells
cells that differentiate into various types of blood
cells.
The hormone erythropoietin (EPO), produced
Control of Red Blood mainly by the kidneys in response to low oxygen
Cell Production levels, stimulates red blood cell production in the
bone marrow.
Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis. Each
Iron Requirement for Red
hemoglobin molecule contains iron, allowing it to
Blood Cell Formation
bind oxygen.
Vitamins Necessary for Vitamin B12 and folate are critical for DNA synthesis
Red Blood Cell during the formation of red blood cells.
Production
Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency
of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to
Anemia
reduced oxygen transport and symptoms like
fatigue and weakness.
Damaged red blood cells are phagocytized by
Fate of Damaged Red macrophages in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow,
Blood Cells where they are broken down and their components
recycled.
The breakdown of hemoglobin produces bilirubin
Products of Hemoglobin
(excreted in bile), iron (recycled), and globin amino
Breakdown
acids (reused for protein synthesis).
Neutrophils: Phagocytize bacteria and fungi; first
responders to infection. Lymphocytes: B-cells
produce antibodies; T-cells kill infected cells.
Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages and
Types of White Blood
dendritic cells to phagocytize pathogens and
Cells and Their Functions
present antigens. Eosinophils: Combat parasitic
infections and play a role in allergic reactions.
Basophils: Release histamine during inflammatory
responses.
, Granulocytes (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils) have visible granules in their cytoplasm
Granulocytes vs. and are involved in response to infections.
Agranulocytes Agranulocytes (e.g., lymphocytes, monocytes) lack
visible granules and are primarily involved in
immune responses.
Neutrophils and macrophages (derived from
Most Active Phagocytes monocytes) are the most active phagocytes and
play a crucial role in defending against infections.
Blood platelets help in hemostasis (blood clotting)
Functions of Blood by adhering to damaged blood vessels,
Platelets aggregating to form a plug, and releasing
substances that promote clotting.
Albumins: Maintain osmotic pressure and transport
substances in the blood. Globulins: Involved in
Types of Plasma Proteins immune function (antibodies) and transportation.
Fibrinogen: Essential for blood clotting; converts to
fibrin during clot formation.
Albumins help maintain oncotic pressure, preventing
Role of Albumins in Water
the passage of water from the bloodstream into the
Balance
tissues, thus regulating blood volume and pressure.
Fibrinogens are converted into fibrin, forming a
Fibrinogens mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug during blood
clotting.
These include urea, creatinine, and uric acid, which
Nonprotein Nitrogenous
are products of protein metabolism and are waste
Substances
products excreted in urine.
Plasma electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium,
Sources of Plasma
calcium, and bicarbonate, originate from dietary
Electrolytes
intake and are also produced by the body.
Origin of Most Plasma Most plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver,
Proteins including albumin and clotting factors.
Plasma contains oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂),
Gases in Plasma and nitrogen (N₂), which are dissolved in the liquid
portion of blood.
Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (241)
The liquid component, making up about 55% of
Plasma blood volume, containing water, electrolytes,
proteins, nutrients, and waste products.
Red Blood Cells Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(Erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells Part of the immune system, defending against
(Leukocytes) infection.
Platelets (Thrombocytes) Involved in blood clotting.
Red blood cells are biconcave discs without a
Description of a Red nucleus or organelles, which increases surface area
Blood Cell for gas exchange. They are 7-8 µm in diameter and
contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen.
Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and
releases it in tissues. It also transports a small
Function of Hemoglobin
amount of carbon dioxide from tissues back to the
lungs, helping to maintain blood pH.
Erythrocytes primarily use anaerobic glycolysis to
Metabolic Pathway for produce ATP since they do not have mitochondria.
Erythrocytes to Produce This pathway converts glucose to lactate,
ATP generating a small amount of ATP necessary for
cellular functions.
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow,
Production of Red Blood
specifically in the red bone marrow found in various
Cells
bones, including the pelvis and sternum.
, Hematopoiesis is the process through which blood
cells are formed. It begins with hematopoietic stem
Formation of Blood Cells
cells that differentiate into various types of blood
cells.
The hormone erythropoietin (EPO), produced
Control of Red Blood mainly by the kidneys in response to low oxygen
Cell Production levels, stimulates red blood cell production in the
bone marrow.
Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis. Each
Iron Requirement for Red
hemoglobin molecule contains iron, allowing it to
Blood Cell Formation
bind oxygen.
Vitamins Necessary for Vitamin B12 and folate are critical for DNA synthesis
Red Blood Cell during the formation of red blood cells.
Production
Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency
of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to
Anemia
reduced oxygen transport and symptoms like
fatigue and weakness.
Damaged red blood cells are phagocytized by
Fate of Damaged Red macrophages in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow,
Blood Cells where they are broken down and their components
recycled.
The breakdown of hemoglobin produces bilirubin
Products of Hemoglobin
(excreted in bile), iron (recycled), and globin amino
Breakdown
acids (reused for protein synthesis).
Neutrophils: Phagocytize bacteria and fungi; first
responders to infection. Lymphocytes: B-cells
produce antibodies; T-cells kill infected cells.
Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages and
Types of White Blood
dendritic cells to phagocytize pathogens and
Cells and Their Functions
present antigens. Eosinophils: Combat parasitic
infections and play a role in allergic reactions.
Basophils: Release histamine during inflammatory
responses.
, Granulocytes (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils) have visible granules in their cytoplasm
Granulocytes vs. and are involved in response to infections.
Agranulocytes Agranulocytes (e.g., lymphocytes, monocytes) lack
visible granules and are primarily involved in
immune responses.
Neutrophils and macrophages (derived from
Most Active Phagocytes monocytes) are the most active phagocytes and
play a crucial role in defending against infections.
Blood platelets help in hemostasis (blood clotting)
Functions of Blood by adhering to damaged blood vessels,
Platelets aggregating to form a plug, and releasing
substances that promote clotting.
Albumins: Maintain osmotic pressure and transport
substances in the blood. Globulins: Involved in
Types of Plasma Proteins immune function (antibodies) and transportation.
Fibrinogen: Essential for blood clotting; converts to
fibrin during clot formation.
Albumins help maintain oncotic pressure, preventing
Role of Albumins in Water
the passage of water from the bloodstream into the
Balance
tissues, thus regulating blood volume and pressure.
Fibrinogens are converted into fibrin, forming a
Fibrinogens mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug during blood
clotting.
These include urea, creatinine, and uric acid, which
Nonprotein Nitrogenous
are products of protein metabolism and are waste
Substances
products excreted in urine.
Plasma electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium,
Sources of Plasma
calcium, and bicarbonate, originate from dietary
Electrolytes
intake and are also produced by the body.
Origin of Most Plasma Most plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver,
Proteins including albumin and clotting factors.
Plasma contains oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂),
Gases in Plasma and nitrogen (N₂), which are dissolved in the liquid
portion of blood.
