Class 12 Social Science Complete Notes PDF (History, Political Science, Geography, Economics) | Handwritten & NCERT Based | For 2026 Board Exam

1




dkS”ky tk;loky
¼miizkpk;Z½
jktdh; mPp ek/;fed fo|ky; cM+k egqvk ¼HkhyokM+k½

, 2


'khr ;q) dk nkSj
çFke fo'o;q)& çFke fo'o;q) 1914 ls 1918 ds chp gqvk FkkA

f}rh; fo'o;q)
 f}rh; fo'o;q) 1939 ls 1945 ds e/; gqvkA
 f}rh; fo'o;q) fe= jk"Vª vkSj /kqjh jk"Vª ds chp gqvk FkkA
 fe= jk"Vªksa dh vxqokbZ vesfjdk] lksfo;r la?k] fczVsu vkSj Ýkal dj jgs FksA
 /kqjh jk"Vªksa dh vxqokbZ bVyh] teZuh vkSj tkiku ¼jkse] cfyZu] VksD;ks½ dj jgs FksA


ijek.kq geyk
 f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds nkSjku vesfjdk us tkiku ds nks 'kgjksa fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh
ij Øe'k% fnukad 6 vxLr rFkk 9 vxLr 1945 dks ijek.kq ce fxjk,A
 bu ceksa dks fyfVy c‚; vkSj QSVeSu ds xqIruke ¼dksM use½ fn, x,A


f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds ckn fo'o dk nks xqVksa esa cVuk
 f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds ckn fo'o nks xqVksa esa cV x;k Fkk& iwathoknh xqV rFkk
lkE;oknh xqVA
 iwathoknh xqV ¼if'peh xBca/ku rFkk mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d xqV½ dk usr`Ro la;qä
jkT; vesfjdk dj jgk FkkA bl xqV esa if'peh ;wjksi ds ns'k 'kkfey Fks] ftuesa çeq[k
ns'k Fks& fczVsu] Ýkal] if'peh teZuh] tkiku] nf{k.k dksfj;k] bVyh] u‚osZ] MsuekdZ]
Lisu vkfnA
 lkE;oknh xqV ¼iwohZ xBca/ku½ dk usr`Ro lksfo;r la?k dj jgk FkkA bl xqV esa iwohZ
;wjksi ds ns'k 'kkfey Fks] ftues çeq[k ns'k Fks& iwohZ teZuh] iksySaM] mÙkj dksfj;k]
psdksLyksokfd;k] gaxjh] jksekfu;k] cqYxkfj;k vkfnA


'khr ;q) D;k gS\
f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ckn nksuksa xqVksa& iwathoknh xqV rFkk lkE;oknh xqV ds e/; rukoiw.kZ
okrkoj.k jgk] ysfdu dksbZ okLrfod ;q) ugha gqvkA f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ckn vesfjdk vkSj

, 3

lksfo;r la?k ds chp okn&fookn] jsfM;ks çlkj.k rFkk lSfud 'kfä ds çlkj }kjk yM+s x,
Luk;q ;q) dks 'khr ;q) dgk tkrk gSA


ukVks 1949
 iwjk uke& mÙkj vVykafVd laf/k laxBu
 vesfjdk ds usr`Ro esa iwathoknh ns'kksa us 1949 esa ukVks uke ls lSfud xBca/ku cuk;kA


okjlk laf/k 1955
 lksfo;r la?k us Hkh lkE;oknh ns'kksa dks feykdj 1955 esa okjlk iSDV cuk;kA
 okjlk laf/k dk çeq[k mís'; Fkk& ukVks esa 'kkfey ns'kksa dk ;wjksi esa eqdkcyk djukA
;g Hkh ,d lSfud laf/k FkhA


if'peh xBca/ku dh vU; lSfud laf/k;k¡
 lhVks (SEATO) 1954 & nf{k.k iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ laf/k laxBu
 lsaVks ¼CENTO) 1955 & dsaæh; laf/k laxBu¼bls cxnkn le>kSrk Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA½


ek'kZy ;kstuk 1947&52
 bl ;kstuk ds rgr if'peh ;wjksi dks lkE;oknh [kses esa tkus ls cpkus ds fy, rFkk
iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, vesfjdk us vkfFkZd lgk;rk dhA


xqVfujis{krk dk vFkZ
 xqVfujis{krk dk vFkZ gS fd egk'kfä;ksa ds fdlh Hkh xqV esa 'kkfey uk gksuk] egk
'kfä;ksa ds lSfud xBca/ku ls vyx jguk rFkk viuh Lora= fons'k uhfr dk ikyu
djukA

, 4

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu ds laLFkkid& usg: ukflj VhVks
 iafMr tokgjyky usg:& Hkkjr ds igys ç/kkuea=h
 vCnqy ukflj& felz ds 'kkld ftUgksaus Lost ugj dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k] ftl otg
ls 1956 esa varjjk"Vªh; la?k"kZ gqvkA
 tkslsQ czkst VhVks& ;qxksLykfo;k ds 'kkld
 lqd.kksaZ& baMksusf'k;k ds igys jk"Vªifr
 okes ,uØwek& ?kkuk ds igys ç/kkuea=h


çFke xqVfujis{k lEesyu ¼csyxzsM lEesyu 1961½
 igyk xqVfujis{k lEesyu lu 1961 esa ;wxksLykfo;k dh jkt/kkuh csyxzsM esa laiUu
gqvk] ftlesa 25 ns'kksa us Hkkx fy;k FkkA


ijek.kq vçlkj laf/k ¼,uihVh½ 1968
 bl laf/k ds rgr mu ns'kksa dks ijek.kq gfFk;kj j[kus dh vuqefr Fkh ftUgksaus 1
tuojh 1967 rd ijek.kq gfFk;kj cuk fy, Fks ¼vesfjdk] lksfo;r la?k] fczVsu] Ýkal
vkSj phu½A
 vU; ns'kksa dk bl laf/k ds rgr ijek.kq gfFk;kj gkfly djuk voS/k FkkA