N618 Test 3
1. Roles of hormones:
a. Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of the role of
hormones in the body? Some chemicals substances can function as hormones or
be integrated with the central and peripheral nervous system.
i. (Some chemicals, such as epinephrine, can both function as a hormone
and be closely integrated with the central and peripheral nervous
system as well as the immune systems, leading to current terminology
such as “neuroendocrine.”)
2. Perimenopause signs and symptoms:
a. A 51yo woman has been experiencing signs and symptoms of perimenopause
and has sought help from her family physician. A deficiency in estrogen levels has
been determined to be a contributing factor. Which of the following phenomena
could potentially underlie the woman’s health problem? Insufficient estrogen
production within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the relevant cells.
i. (Steroids such as estrogen are produced in the smooth ER.)
3. Diabetic risks for hypoglycemia:
a. A 30yo male who manages his type 1 diabetes with glyburide presents at the
emergency room complaining of headache, confusion, and tachycardia. He has
come from a party at which he drank two beers to celebrate running his first half-
marathon. Which of the following is likely to be the cause of his complaints?
HYPOGLYCEMIA
b. Overmedication: taking too much insulin or other glucose-lowering medications
c. Skipping meals: not eating regularly or missing meals can cause blood sugar to
drop
d. Excessive exercise: physical activity can lower blood sugar levels, especially if it’s
intense or prolonged
e. Alcohol consumption: alcohol can interfere with the body’s ability to raise blood
sugar levels.
i. Pg.1212; Severe and prolonged hypoglycemia can result in substantial
brain dysfunction. (Brain relies exclusively on glucose as a fuel source.)
1
, 4. Role of pituitary gland on follicle:
a. During the follicular stage of menstruation, increased estradiol production causes
an increase in FSH production. This increase in FSH production by the anterior
pituitary gland will have what effect on the follicle? The follicle will die, which
results in a fall of FSH.
5. Hyperosmolar and hyperglycemic state of parenteral nutrition:
a. A pancreatitis patient is admitted with weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. To
maintain nutrition, the physician orders parenteral nutrition to be started.
Knowing the major side effect of parenteral nutrition is hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state, the nurse should assess the patient for which clinical
manifestation? Dry lips, excess urine output, and seizures.
b. Parenteral nutrition, or IV feeding, can sometimes lead to a hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state (HHS). This is a serious condition characterized by high blood
sugar levels and increased blood osmolarity. It can occur due to:
i. Excessive glucose infusion: too much glucose in the parenteral nutrition
can overwhelm the body’s ability to metabolize it.
ii. Insufficient insulin: if the body doesn’t produce enough insulin, it can’t
properly use the glucose provided by the parenteral nutrition.
c. Successful treatment of HHS involves careful patient monitoring and correction
of dehydration, hyperglycemia, and electrolyte imbalance. Close observation and
care are particularly important as water moves back into brain cells, posing a
threat of cerebral edema. (pg. 1224) (weakness, dehydration, polyuria, neuro
changes, excessive thirst, hemiparesis, seizures, coma)
d. Must carefully watch for potassium insulin administration and IVF can lead to
HYPOkalemia **Must replace low potassium levels BEFORE you start insulin!!
6. Glucose Metabolism:
a. Following a meal, a woman’s blood glucose level has increased. In addition, her
pancreas has increased the amount of insulin produced and released. Which of
the following phenomena has occurred? Adjustment according to the level of the
substance a hormone regulates.
i. (Insulin controls glucose levels and would increase in response to the
increase in serum glucose that follows a meal.)
b. Which of the following statements best describes an aspect of the normal
process of glucose metabolism? Glucose that exceeds metabolic demands is
converted and stored by the liver.
c. Glucose metabolism refers to the process by which the body uses glucose for
energy. This involves several steps:
2
, i. Digestion: the body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose.
ii. Absorption: Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream.
iii. Insulin secretion: the pancreas releases insulin, which allows glucose to
enter cells.
iv. Glycolysis: inside cells, glucose is broken down to produce energy.
d. Excess glucose can be sent to the liver and converted to glycogen for storage.
7. Causes of Short Stature:
a. The mother of 6yo male and female fraternal twins has brought her son to see a
pediatrician because he is nearly 4 inches shorter than his sister. Which of the
following phenomena would the physician most likely suspect as contributing
factor to the boy’s short stature? A shortage of hypothalamic GHRH production.
b. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is inhibited by: Obesity.
8. Etiology of Type 1A Diabetes:
a. A 3yo girl has just been diagnosed with type 1A diabetes. Her parents are
currently receiving education from the diabetes education nurse. How can the
nurse best explain to the parents the etiology (cause) of their daughter’s
diabetes? “The problem that underlies her diabetes is that her own body has
destroyed the cells in her pancreas that produce insulin.”
b. Type 1A diabetes, also known as immune-mediated diabetes, is caused by an
autoimmune reaction where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys
insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The exact cause of this autoimmune
reaction is unknown, but it’s believed to involve a combination of genetic and
environmental factors. Potential triggers include:
i. Genetic predisposition: certain genes are associated with an increased
risk of Type 1A diabetes. Pg.1219; Susceptibility to type 1A DM involves
multiple genes; however, the major susceptibility gene for type 1A DM is
located in the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) gene related to antigen
presentation to T cells.
ii. Environmental triggers: viral infections or other environmental factors
may trigger the autoimmune reaction in genetically susceptible
individuals.
iii. Immune system dysfunction: an abnormal immune response may lead
to the destruction of insulin-producing cells.
c. Type 1A diabetes beta cells in the pancreas are attacked by autoantibodies.
These cells are responsible for making insulin and their destruction leads to low
levels in the body.
3
1. Roles of hormones:
a. Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of the role of
hormones in the body? Some chemicals substances can function as hormones or
be integrated with the central and peripheral nervous system.
i. (Some chemicals, such as epinephrine, can both function as a hormone
and be closely integrated with the central and peripheral nervous
system as well as the immune systems, leading to current terminology
such as “neuroendocrine.”)
2. Perimenopause signs and symptoms:
a. A 51yo woman has been experiencing signs and symptoms of perimenopause
and has sought help from her family physician. A deficiency in estrogen levels has
been determined to be a contributing factor. Which of the following phenomena
could potentially underlie the woman’s health problem? Insufficient estrogen
production within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the relevant cells.
i. (Steroids such as estrogen are produced in the smooth ER.)
3. Diabetic risks for hypoglycemia:
a. A 30yo male who manages his type 1 diabetes with glyburide presents at the
emergency room complaining of headache, confusion, and tachycardia. He has
come from a party at which he drank two beers to celebrate running his first half-
marathon. Which of the following is likely to be the cause of his complaints?
HYPOGLYCEMIA
b. Overmedication: taking too much insulin or other glucose-lowering medications
c. Skipping meals: not eating regularly or missing meals can cause blood sugar to
drop
d. Excessive exercise: physical activity can lower blood sugar levels, especially if it’s
intense or prolonged
e. Alcohol consumption: alcohol can interfere with the body’s ability to raise blood
sugar levels.
i. Pg.1212; Severe and prolonged hypoglycemia can result in substantial
brain dysfunction. (Brain relies exclusively on glucose as a fuel source.)
1
, 4. Role of pituitary gland on follicle:
a. During the follicular stage of menstruation, increased estradiol production causes
an increase in FSH production. This increase in FSH production by the anterior
pituitary gland will have what effect on the follicle? The follicle will die, which
results in a fall of FSH.
5. Hyperosmolar and hyperglycemic state of parenteral nutrition:
a. A pancreatitis patient is admitted with weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. To
maintain nutrition, the physician orders parenteral nutrition to be started.
Knowing the major side effect of parenteral nutrition is hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state, the nurse should assess the patient for which clinical
manifestation? Dry lips, excess urine output, and seizures.
b. Parenteral nutrition, or IV feeding, can sometimes lead to a hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state (HHS). This is a serious condition characterized by high blood
sugar levels and increased blood osmolarity. It can occur due to:
i. Excessive glucose infusion: too much glucose in the parenteral nutrition
can overwhelm the body’s ability to metabolize it.
ii. Insufficient insulin: if the body doesn’t produce enough insulin, it can’t
properly use the glucose provided by the parenteral nutrition.
c. Successful treatment of HHS involves careful patient monitoring and correction
of dehydration, hyperglycemia, and electrolyte imbalance. Close observation and
care are particularly important as water moves back into brain cells, posing a
threat of cerebral edema. (pg. 1224) (weakness, dehydration, polyuria, neuro
changes, excessive thirst, hemiparesis, seizures, coma)
d. Must carefully watch for potassium insulin administration and IVF can lead to
HYPOkalemia **Must replace low potassium levels BEFORE you start insulin!!
6. Glucose Metabolism:
a. Following a meal, a woman’s blood glucose level has increased. In addition, her
pancreas has increased the amount of insulin produced and released. Which of
the following phenomena has occurred? Adjustment according to the level of the
substance a hormone regulates.
i. (Insulin controls glucose levels and would increase in response to the
increase in serum glucose that follows a meal.)
b. Which of the following statements best describes an aspect of the normal
process of glucose metabolism? Glucose that exceeds metabolic demands is
converted and stored by the liver.
c. Glucose metabolism refers to the process by which the body uses glucose for
energy. This involves several steps:
2
, i. Digestion: the body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose.
ii. Absorption: Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream.
iii. Insulin secretion: the pancreas releases insulin, which allows glucose to
enter cells.
iv. Glycolysis: inside cells, glucose is broken down to produce energy.
d. Excess glucose can be sent to the liver and converted to glycogen for storage.
7. Causes of Short Stature:
a. The mother of 6yo male and female fraternal twins has brought her son to see a
pediatrician because he is nearly 4 inches shorter than his sister. Which of the
following phenomena would the physician most likely suspect as contributing
factor to the boy’s short stature? A shortage of hypothalamic GHRH production.
b. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is inhibited by: Obesity.
8. Etiology of Type 1A Diabetes:
a. A 3yo girl has just been diagnosed with type 1A diabetes. Her parents are
currently receiving education from the diabetes education nurse. How can the
nurse best explain to the parents the etiology (cause) of their daughter’s
diabetes? “The problem that underlies her diabetes is that her own body has
destroyed the cells in her pancreas that produce insulin.”
b. Type 1A diabetes, also known as immune-mediated diabetes, is caused by an
autoimmune reaction where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys
insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The exact cause of this autoimmune
reaction is unknown, but it’s believed to involve a combination of genetic and
environmental factors. Potential triggers include:
i. Genetic predisposition: certain genes are associated with an increased
risk of Type 1A diabetes. Pg.1219; Susceptibility to type 1A DM involves
multiple genes; however, the major susceptibility gene for type 1A DM is
located in the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) gene related to antigen
presentation to T cells.
ii. Environmental triggers: viral infections or other environmental factors
may trigger the autoimmune reaction in genetically susceptible
individuals.
iii. Immune system dysfunction: an abnormal immune response may lead
to the destruction of insulin-producing cells.
c. Type 1A diabetes beta cells in the pancreas are attacked by autoantibodies.
These cells are responsible for making insulin and their destruction leads to low
levels in the body.
3
