NR 602 Primary Care Of The
Childbearing And Childrearing
Family Practicum - NR 602 Week 4
Midterm Study Guide.
Latest Updated 2025/2026 Guide with
100% Certified and Verified Answers.
Strabismus - anscrossed eyes; a defect in In ocular alignment, or the position of the eyes in
relation to each other; It is commonly called lazy eye. And strabismus, the visual axes are not
parallel because the muscles of the eyes are not coordinated; When one eye is directed
straight ahead, the other deviates
Retinoblastoma - anstumor arising from a developing retinal cell; intraocular tumor that
develops in the retina. Although it is rare, this malignant retinal tumor is the most common
tumor in childhood (some 4% of cancers in children younger than 15 years of age)
Retinoblastoma clinical findings - ansstrabismus is the most common finding
there is a decreased visual acuity uni- or bilateral white pupil (leukocoria), described often as
an intermittent "glow, glint, gleam, or glare" by parents, is usually seen in low light settings
or noted in photographs taken with a flash i.e. (cat's eye reflex); other symptoms include an
abnormal red reflex, nystagmus, glaucoma, orbital Cellulitis and photophobia, hyphema,
hypopyon (plus an anterior Chamber of eye); Signs of global rupture or also possible
leukocoria - anscondition of white pupil
Bulbar or palpebral conjunctival infection - ansa common presentation, which can be
unilateral or bilateral
conjunctival infection differential diagnosis - ansallergy, conjunctivitis, infection, foreign
body, chemical exposure, or systemic inflammatory disease, irritation of the conjunctiva or
cornea, and congenital glaucoma.
conjunctival infection drainage - answatery discharge; purulent/mucoid discharge
watery discharge - anscan occur with allergies, nasolacrimal obstruction, foreign bodies, viral
infection, and iritis.
Purulent or mucoid discharge - ansnoted with chronic dacrocystitis or nasolacrimal
obstruction.
Dacrocystitis - ansinflammation of the tear sac
Advanced allergic conjunctivitis - anshave some mucoid production.
To differentiate, microscopic investigation of discharge may lead to other clues
photophobia - anssensitivity to light; symptom common of trauma and in infants with
glaucoma or retinal disease. Other non-eye related causes of this include migraines and
meningitis.
leukocoria - ansserious finding and demands immediate referral to the pediatric
ophthalmologist. white pupil
causes of leukocoria - ansretinal detachment, cataract, retinal dysplasia, retinopathy of
prematurity, and in newborns retinoblastoma All newborns should have a fundoscopic
examination within 24 hours of birth and yearly on physical examinations.
ophthalmia neonatorum - ansconjunctivitis of the newborn. Etiology: chlamydia,
staphylococcus aureus, gonorrhea, HSV (silver nitrate reaction occurs on 10% of neontes).
Clinical findings: erythema, chemosis, purulent exudate with gonorrhea. Clear to mucoid
exudate with chlamydia. Diagnosis through gram stain to rule out gonorrhea and chlamydia.
,NR 602 Primary Care Of The
Childbearing And Childrearing
Family Practicum - NR 602 Week 4
Midterm Study Guide.
Latest Updated 2025/2026 Guide with
100% Certified and Verified Answers.
ophthalmia neonatorum management - anssaline irrigation to the eyes until exudate is gone;
follow with erythromycin ointment. N. gonorrohea: ceftriaxone IM or IV. Chlamydia:
ceftriaxone IM or IV. Chlamydia: - ansophthalmia neonatorum management x/t N.
gonorrohea:
Erythromycin or possibly azithromycin PO - ansophthalmia neonatorum management d/t
Chlamydia:
Antivirals IV or PO - ansOphthalmia neonatorum management d/t HSV
Bacterial conjunctivitis - anspinkeye; very contagious
Bacterial conjunctivitis - ansin neonates 5-14 days, preschoolers, sexually active teens:
Haemphilus influenza (Most common organism), streptococcus pneumoniae, S. Aureus, N.
gonorrohea. Erythema, chemosis, itching, burning, mucopurulent exudate, matter in the
eyelashes - worse in the morning, causing eyelashes to be shut; worse in winter; Dx through
cultures (required in neonates), r/o pharyngitis, AOM, URI, seborrhea
chemosis - ansedema of the conjunctiva
Bacterial conjunctivitis neonate treatment - ansErythromycin 0.5% ophthalmic ointment
Bacterial conjunctivitis >1 year treatment - ansfourth generation fluoroquinolone. If
concurrent AOM: treat accordingly for AOM. Warm soaks to eyes TID; don't share towels or
pillows; no school or work until treatment begins
Chronic Bacterial Conjunctivitis - ansLasts more than 3 weeks and unresponsive to treatment
Most common org is Staphylococcus Aureus. Gram negative orgs include:
-moraxella lacunata, serratia marcescens, ecoli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus.
Teens: Chlamydia
Erythema, chemosis, itching, burning, mucopurulwnt exudate, matter in the eyelashes;
foreign body; Dx by gram stain culture to r/o dacryostenosis, blepharitis, corneal ulcers,
trachoma
Chronic Bacterial Conjunctivitis treatment - ansdepends on prior treatment, lab results, and
differential diagnosis. Review compliance of previous drug choices; consult ophthalmologist
Inclusion conjunctivitis - ansoccurs in neonates 5-14 days old and sexually active teenagers:
caused by : Chlamydia trachomatis; Erythema, chemosis, itching, burning, mucopurulnt
exudate or clear drainage, palpebral follicles. Cultures: ELISA, PCR r/o sexual activity
Inclusion conjunctivitis treatment - ansNeonates: erythromycin or azithromycin PO;
Adolescents: doxycycline, azithromycin, EES, erythromycin base, levofloxacin PO
Viral conjunctivitis - ansadenovirus MC; HSV-1 (dendritic ulcers); Erythema, chemosis,
bilateral tearing; HSV and herpes zoster: unilateral with photophobia, fever; Zoster: nose
lesion. Cultures to r/o corneal infiltration
Viral conjunctivitis treatment - ans• Lubricant drops
• Cool compresses TID-QID
• Antihistamines
refer to ophthalmologist if HSV or photophobia is present
,NR 602 Primary Care Of The
Childbearing And Childrearing
Family Practicum - NR 602 Week 4
Midterm Study Guide.
Latest Updated 2025/2026 Guide with
100% Certified and Verified Answers.
Allergic or Vernal (springtime) conjunctivitis - anscauses tearing, itching, redness, &
swelling.
treated with topical mast cell stabilizer/antihistamine drops. atopy sufferers; seasonal; stringy,
mucoid exudate, swollen eyelids and conjunctivae, itching, tearing, palpebral follicles,
headache, rhinitis; Eosinophils in conjunctival scrapings
Allergic or Vernal (springtime) conjunctivitis treatment - ansnaphazoline/pheniramine,
naphazoline/antazoline ophthalmic solution. Mast cell stabilizer. Refer to allergist
chalazion - ansa nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a
sebaceous gland. Most commonly found above the eyelashes on the upper lid; a blocked oil
gland (meibomian or zeiss); firm painless lump; PAINLESS, NOT INVOLVING LASHES
Lid edema, or palpable mass
Red or grey mass on the inner aspect of lid margin; prevention: good hygiene.
treatment: warm compresses, surgery. antibiotic eyedrops if secondary infection
(sulfacetamide or erythromycin); follow up in 2-4 weeks, if still present after 6 weeks follow
up with ophthalmologist
Chalazion - ansBenign, chronic lipogranulomatous inflammation of the eyelid
Risk of Chalazion - anshordeolum or any condition which may impede flow through the
meibomian gland. Also mite species that reside in lash follicles
hordeolum (stye) - ansstaph infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid. Most commonly
found at or near an eyelash follicle. Caused by bacterial infection either at the root of the
eyelash follicle or in the oil glands of the eyelid. Symptoms are tenderness and swelling;
treatment: spontaneous drainage and warm compresses
blepharitis - ansinflammation of the eyelid; Inflammation/infection of the lid margins
(chronic problem); can have flaking skin, excessive tearing, redness, irritation, eyelash loss
and/or crusty debris along the lash line
Seborrheic Blepharitis - ansMybomian gland dysfxn; posterior lid margin; greasy dandruff-
no skin ulcer; (non ulcerative) : irritants (smoke, make up, chemicals)
s&s - chronic inflammation of the eyelid, erythema, greasy scaling of anterior eyelid, loss of
eyelashes, seborrhea dermatitis of eyebrows and scalp
ulcerative blepharitis - ans1) due to staph infection of follicles at the lid margin 2)
accompanied by loss of lashes, deformity of lashes (trichiasis); infection with staphylococcus
or streptococcus
s&s - itching, tearing, recurrent styes, chalazia, photophobia, small ulceration at eyelid
margin, broken or absent eyelashes
the most frequent complaint is ongoing eye irritation and conjunctiva redness
Blepharitis treatment - ansTreatment-focused on lid hygiene - Careful daily cleansing of
eyelids to remove oils. This can be done with a Q-tip and baby shampoo. Couple times a day
will be very beneficial . Lid massage
, NR 602 Primary Care Of The
Childbearing And Childrearing
Family Practicum - NR 602 Week 4
Midterm Study Guide.
Latest Updated 2025/2026 Guide with
100% Certified and Verified Answers.
Warm, moist compresses
Antibiotic : For infected eyelids - antistaphyloccocal antibiotics BACITRACIN,
ERYTHROMYCIN 0.05% for 1 week AND QUIONOLONE OINTMENTS; For infection
resistant to topical - TETRACYCLINE 250 MG PO X4 DOXYCYCLINE 100 MG PO X2
Avoid the use of contact lenses and use good hand hygeine
dacryocystitis - ansinflammation of the tear (lacrimal) sac; infection can result.
Dacryocystitis Tx - ans•systemic abx (cephalexin, erythromycin)
•warm wash cloth
•ophtho consult/referral
Gentle pressure applied in a downward and medial direction transmits hydrostatic force
through the nasolacrimal duct to the obstruction. This technique should be performed two or
three times a day. The eyelid should be cleaned with plain water after massage. Treatment of
dacryocystitis is warm compresses AND oral or parenteral antibiotics
Sodium sulfacetamide 10% ophthalmic solution or ointment - ansUsed in treatment of
bacterial conjunctivitis. not effective against H. influenzae; stings; can cause allergic
reactions (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome)
Erythromycin 0.5% ophthalmic ointment - ansUsed in treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.
ointment for patients with sulfa allergy and infants
Fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops - ansincluding besifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin,
levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, or ofloxacin for children older than 12 months
The aminoglycosides (neomycin, tobramycin, and gentamicin) are to be avoided because of
possible hypersensitization, severe allergic reactions, and increasing resistance.
H. influenza - ans(Most common organism of bacterial conunctivitis)
Viral conjunctivitis - ansmost commonly caused by adenovirus. coxsackie virus, herpes,
molluscum
S&S - profuse tearing, mucous discharge, burning, concurrent URI, enlarged or tender
preauricular nose
Antihistamines/decongestant
Improvement, self limiting, 7-14 days
gonococcal conjunctivitis - ans2-4 days after birth, most concern can cause blidness
PO azithromycin, doxycycline (tetracyclines increase photosensitivity, don't use in
pregnancy)
Improvement 2-3 weeks
chlamydial conjunctivitis - ansprofuse exudate, associated with genitourinary symptoms, 1-2
weeks after birth
allergic conjunctivitis - ansIgE mast cell reaction, environmental, cosmetics
S&S - marked conjuctival edema, severe itching, tearing, sneezing
Childbearing And Childrearing
Family Practicum - NR 602 Week 4
Midterm Study Guide.
Latest Updated 2025/2026 Guide with
100% Certified and Verified Answers.
Strabismus - anscrossed eyes; a defect in In ocular alignment, or the position of the eyes in
relation to each other; It is commonly called lazy eye. And strabismus, the visual axes are not
parallel because the muscles of the eyes are not coordinated; When one eye is directed
straight ahead, the other deviates
Retinoblastoma - anstumor arising from a developing retinal cell; intraocular tumor that
develops in the retina. Although it is rare, this malignant retinal tumor is the most common
tumor in childhood (some 4% of cancers in children younger than 15 years of age)
Retinoblastoma clinical findings - ansstrabismus is the most common finding
there is a decreased visual acuity uni- or bilateral white pupil (leukocoria), described often as
an intermittent "glow, glint, gleam, or glare" by parents, is usually seen in low light settings
or noted in photographs taken with a flash i.e. (cat's eye reflex); other symptoms include an
abnormal red reflex, nystagmus, glaucoma, orbital Cellulitis and photophobia, hyphema,
hypopyon (plus an anterior Chamber of eye); Signs of global rupture or also possible
leukocoria - anscondition of white pupil
Bulbar or palpebral conjunctival infection - ansa common presentation, which can be
unilateral or bilateral
conjunctival infection differential diagnosis - ansallergy, conjunctivitis, infection, foreign
body, chemical exposure, or systemic inflammatory disease, irritation of the conjunctiva or
cornea, and congenital glaucoma.
conjunctival infection drainage - answatery discharge; purulent/mucoid discharge
watery discharge - anscan occur with allergies, nasolacrimal obstruction, foreign bodies, viral
infection, and iritis.
Purulent or mucoid discharge - ansnoted with chronic dacrocystitis or nasolacrimal
obstruction.
Dacrocystitis - ansinflammation of the tear sac
Advanced allergic conjunctivitis - anshave some mucoid production.
To differentiate, microscopic investigation of discharge may lead to other clues
photophobia - anssensitivity to light; symptom common of trauma and in infants with
glaucoma or retinal disease. Other non-eye related causes of this include migraines and
meningitis.
leukocoria - ansserious finding and demands immediate referral to the pediatric
ophthalmologist. white pupil
causes of leukocoria - ansretinal detachment, cataract, retinal dysplasia, retinopathy of
prematurity, and in newborns retinoblastoma All newborns should have a fundoscopic
examination within 24 hours of birth and yearly on physical examinations.
ophthalmia neonatorum - ansconjunctivitis of the newborn. Etiology: chlamydia,
staphylococcus aureus, gonorrhea, HSV (silver nitrate reaction occurs on 10% of neontes).
Clinical findings: erythema, chemosis, purulent exudate with gonorrhea. Clear to mucoid
exudate with chlamydia. Diagnosis through gram stain to rule out gonorrhea and chlamydia.
,NR 602 Primary Care Of The
Childbearing And Childrearing
Family Practicum - NR 602 Week 4
Midterm Study Guide.
Latest Updated 2025/2026 Guide with
100% Certified and Verified Answers.
ophthalmia neonatorum management - anssaline irrigation to the eyes until exudate is gone;
follow with erythromycin ointment. N. gonorrohea: ceftriaxone IM or IV. Chlamydia:
ceftriaxone IM or IV. Chlamydia: - ansophthalmia neonatorum management x/t N.
gonorrohea:
Erythromycin or possibly azithromycin PO - ansophthalmia neonatorum management d/t
Chlamydia:
Antivirals IV or PO - ansOphthalmia neonatorum management d/t HSV
Bacterial conjunctivitis - anspinkeye; very contagious
Bacterial conjunctivitis - ansin neonates 5-14 days, preschoolers, sexually active teens:
Haemphilus influenza (Most common organism), streptococcus pneumoniae, S. Aureus, N.
gonorrohea. Erythema, chemosis, itching, burning, mucopurulent exudate, matter in the
eyelashes - worse in the morning, causing eyelashes to be shut; worse in winter; Dx through
cultures (required in neonates), r/o pharyngitis, AOM, URI, seborrhea
chemosis - ansedema of the conjunctiva
Bacterial conjunctivitis neonate treatment - ansErythromycin 0.5% ophthalmic ointment
Bacterial conjunctivitis >1 year treatment - ansfourth generation fluoroquinolone. If
concurrent AOM: treat accordingly for AOM. Warm soaks to eyes TID; don't share towels or
pillows; no school or work until treatment begins
Chronic Bacterial Conjunctivitis - ansLasts more than 3 weeks and unresponsive to treatment
Most common org is Staphylococcus Aureus. Gram negative orgs include:
-moraxella lacunata, serratia marcescens, ecoli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus.
Teens: Chlamydia
Erythema, chemosis, itching, burning, mucopurulwnt exudate, matter in the eyelashes;
foreign body; Dx by gram stain culture to r/o dacryostenosis, blepharitis, corneal ulcers,
trachoma
Chronic Bacterial Conjunctivitis treatment - ansdepends on prior treatment, lab results, and
differential diagnosis. Review compliance of previous drug choices; consult ophthalmologist
Inclusion conjunctivitis - ansoccurs in neonates 5-14 days old and sexually active teenagers:
caused by : Chlamydia trachomatis; Erythema, chemosis, itching, burning, mucopurulnt
exudate or clear drainage, palpebral follicles. Cultures: ELISA, PCR r/o sexual activity
Inclusion conjunctivitis treatment - ansNeonates: erythromycin or azithromycin PO;
Adolescents: doxycycline, azithromycin, EES, erythromycin base, levofloxacin PO
Viral conjunctivitis - ansadenovirus MC; HSV-1 (dendritic ulcers); Erythema, chemosis,
bilateral tearing; HSV and herpes zoster: unilateral with photophobia, fever; Zoster: nose
lesion. Cultures to r/o corneal infiltration
Viral conjunctivitis treatment - ans• Lubricant drops
• Cool compresses TID-QID
• Antihistamines
refer to ophthalmologist if HSV or photophobia is present
,NR 602 Primary Care Of The
Childbearing And Childrearing
Family Practicum - NR 602 Week 4
Midterm Study Guide.
Latest Updated 2025/2026 Guide with
100% Certified and Verified Answers.
Allergic or Vernal (springtime) conjunctivitis - anscauses tearing, itching, redness, &
swelling.
treated with topical mast cell stabilizer/antihistamine drops. atopy sufferers; seasonal; stringy,
mucoid exudate, swollen eyelids and conjunctivae, itching, tearing, palpebral follicles,
headache, rhinitis; Eosinophils in conjunctival scrapings
Allergic or Vernal (springtime) conjunctivitis treatment - ansnaphazoline/pheniramine,
naphazoline/antazoline ophthalmic solution. Mast cell stabilizer. Refer to allergist
chalazion - ansa nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a
sebaceous gland. Most commonly found above the eyelashes on the upper lid; a blocked oil
gland (meibomian or zeiss); firm painless lump; PAINLESS, NOT INVOLVING LASHES
Lid edema, or palpable mass
Red or grey mass on the inner aspect of lid margin; prevention: good hygiene.
treatment: warm compresses, surgery. antibiotic eyedrops if secondary infection
(sulfacetamide or erythromycin); follow up in 2-4 weeks, if still present after 6 weeks follow
up with ophthalmologist
Chalazion - ansBenign, chronic lipogranulomatous inflammation of the eyelid
Risk of Chalazion - anshordeolum or any condition which may impede flow through the
meibomian gland. Also mite species that reside in lash follicles
hordeolum (stye) - ansstaph infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid. Most commonly
found at or near an eyelash follicle. Caused by bacterial infection either at the root of the
eyelash follicle or in the oil glands of the eyelid. Symptoms are tenderness and swelling;
treatment: spontaneous drainage and warm compresses
blepharitis - ansinflammation of the eyelid; Inflammation/infection of the lid margins
(chronic problem); can have flaking skin, excessive tearing, redness, irritation, eyelash loss
and/or crusty debris along the lash line
Seborrheic Blepharitis - ansMybomian gland dysfxn; posterior lid margin; greasy dandruff-
no skin ulcer; (non ulcerative) : irritants (smoke, make up, chemicals)
s&s - chronic inflammation of the eyelid, erythema, greasy scaling of anterior eyelid, loss of
eyelashes, seborrhea dermatitis of eyebrows and scalp
ulcerative blepharitis - ans1) due to staph infection of follicles at the lid margin 2)
accompanied by loss of lashes, deformity of lashes (trichiasis); infection with staphylococcus
or streptococcus
s&s - itching, tearing, recurrent styes, chalazia, photophobia, small ulceration at eyelid
margin, broken or absent eyelashes
the most frequent complaint is ongoing eye irritation and conjunctiva redness
Blepharitis treatment - ansTreatment-focused on lid hygiene - Careful daily cleansing of
eyelids to remove oils. This can be done with a Q-tip and baby shampoo. Couple times a day
will be very beneficial . Lid massage
, NR 602 Primary Care Of The
Childbearing And Childrearing
Family Practicum - NR 602 Week 4
Midterm Study Guide.
Latest Updated 2025/2026 Guide with
100% Certified and Verified Answers.
Warm, moist compresses
Antibiotic : For infected eyelids - antistaphyloccocal antibiotics BACITRACIN,
ERYTHROMYCIN 0.05% for 1 week AND QUIONOLONE OINTMENTS; For infection
resistant to topical - TETRACYCLINE 250 MG PO X4 DOXYCYCLINE 100 MG PO X2
Avoid the use of contact lenses and use good hand hygeine
dacryocystitis - ansinflammation of the tear (lacrimal) sac; infection can result.
Dacryocystitis Tx - ans•systemic abx (cephalexin, erythromycin)
•warm wash cloth
•ophtho consult/referral
Gentle pressure applied in a downward and medial direction transmits hydrostatic force
through the nasolacrimal duct to the obstruction. This technique should be performed two or
three times a day. The eyelid should be cleaned with plain water after massage. Treatment of
dacryocystitis is warm compresses AND oral or parenteral antibiotics
Sodium sulfacetamide 10% ophthalmic solution or ointment - ansUsed in treatment of
bacterial conjunctivitis. not effective against H. influenzae; stings; can cause allergic
reactions (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome)
Erythromycin 0.5% ophthalmic ointment - ansUsed in treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.
ointment for patients with sulfa allergy and infants
Fluoroquinolone ophthalmic drops - ansincluding besifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin,
levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, or ofloxacin for children older than 12 months
The aminoglycosides (neomycin, tobramycin, and gentamicin) are to be avoided because of
possible hypersensitization, severe allergic reactions, and increasing resistance.
H. influenza - ans(Most common organism of bacterial conunctivitis)
Viral conjunctivitis - ansmost commonly caused by adenovirus. coxsackie virus, herpes,
molluscum
S&S - profuse tearing, mucous discharge, burning, concurrent URI, enlarged or tender
preauricular nose
Antihistamines/decongestant
Improvement, self limiting, 7-14 days
gonococcal conjunctivitis - ans2-4 days after birth, most concern can cause blidness
PO azithromycin, doxycycline (tetracyclines increase photosensitivity, don't use in
pregnancy)
Improvement 2-3 weeks
chlamydial conjunctivitis - ansprofuse exudate, associated with genitourinary symptoms, 1-2
weeks after birth
allergic conjunctivitis - ansIgE mast cell reaction, environmental, cosmetics
S&S - marked conjuctival edema, severe itching, tearing, sneezing
