NSG 533 - ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 -
MODULE 2 EXAM WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
hemorrhage, severe wound drainage, excessive sweating.
correct answers >> Etiology of fluid volume deficit
(hypovolemia)
may remain the same correct answers >> normal serum
level of hypovolemia
weight loss, dryness of skin and mucous membranes, decreased
urine output, increased hematocrit value, weak pulse tachycardia,
normal or decreased BP, flattened neck veins correct answers
>> clinical manifestations of hypovolemia
increased BUN and hematocrit correct answers >> diagnostic
findings of hypovolemia
isotonic fluid excess. Excessive admin of hypotonic IV fluids,
hypersecretion of aldosterone, the effects of drugs such as
cortisones, or kidney failure, psychogenic polydipsia, tap water
enema, SIADH correct answers >> etiology of hypervolemia
weight gain, edema (caused by increased capillary hydrostatic
pressure), pulmonary edema, heart failure, distended neck veins,
confusion, extra cellular volume contraction
,excess plasma volume leads to decreased hematocrit and
decreased plasma protein concentration, blood pressure
increases correct answers >> clinical manifestations of
hypervolemia
increased BUN and hematocrit correct answers >> diagnostic
finding of hypervolemia
sodium >145
excessive hypertonic salt solutions
IV hypertonic sodium
saline-induced abortions
select infant formulas
hyperaldosteronism
cushing syndrome
advanced age, impaired mental state
fever
diarrhea
vomiting
uncontrolled diabetes
tube feedings
use of diuretics correct answers >> etiology of
hypernatremia
body loses Na+ AND H20 but loses more H20 than Na+
non renal: sweating, diarrhea, poor PO intake (urine NA <10)
, renal: loop diuretics, diuretic stage of kidney disease (urine NA
>20) correct answers >> Causes of hypovolemic
hypernatremia
most common
Body loses free H20 with near normal Na+
insufficient water intake, excessive sweating, fever with
hyperventilation, burns, vomiting, diarrhea or nephrogenic
diabetes insipidus correct answers >> Causes of isovolemic
hypernatremia
rare
Body retains NA+ and H20 but retains more NA
infusing hypertonic saline solutions
ACTH excess
consuming lots of soy sauce or concentrated salt water correct
answers >> Causes of hypervolemic hypernatremia
loss of sodium, inadequate intake of sodium, or dilution of sodium
by water excess, hyperaldosteronism, excessive
Loss of body fluid: vomiting, diarrhea, inadequate secretion of
aldosterone, excessive use of diuretics
SIADH, excessive water drinking, SSRIs, liver cirrhosis,
hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, correct answers >> etiology
of hyponatremia
exceed level of 145 mEq/L (normal 135-145) correct answers
>> normal serum level hypernatremia
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 -
MODULE 2 EXAM WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
hemorrhage, severe wound drainage, excessive sweating.
correct answers >> Etiology of fluid volume deficit
(hypovolemia)
may remain the same correct answers >> normal serum
level of hypovolemia
weight loss, dryness of skin and mucous membranes, decreased
urine output, increased hematocrit value, weak pulse tachycardia,
normal or decreased BP, flattened neck veins correct answers
>> clinical manifestations of hypovolemia
increased BUN and hematocrit correct answers >> diagnostic
findings of hypovolemia
isotonic fluid excess. Excessive admin of hypotonic IV fluids,
hypersecretion of aldosterone, the effects of drugs such as
cortisones, or kidney failure, psychogenic polydipsia, tap water
enema, SIADH correct answers >> etiology of hypervolemia
weight gain, edema (caused by increased capillary hydrostatic
pressure), pulmonary edema, heart failure, distended neck veins,
confusion, extra cellular volume contraction
,excess plasma volume leads to decreased hematocrit and
decreased plasma protein concentration, blood pressure
increases correct answers >> clinical manifestations of
hypervolemia
increased BUN and hematocrit correct answers >> diagnostic
finding of hypervolemia
sodium >145
excessive hypertonic salt solutions
IV hypertonic sodium
saline-induced abortions
select infant formulas
hyperaldosteronism
cushing syndrome
advanced age, impaired mental state
fever
diarrhea
vomiting
uncontrolled diabetes
tube feedings
use of diuretics correct answers >> etiology of
hypernatremia
body loses Na+ AND H20 but loses more H20 than Na+
non renal: sweating, diarrhea, poor PO intake (urine NA <10)
, renal: loop diuretics, diuretic stage of kidney disease (urine NA
>20) correct answers >> Causes of hypovolemic
hypernatremia
most common
Body loses free H20 with near normal Na+
insufficient water intake, excessive sweating, fever with
hyperventilation, burns, vomiting, diarrhea or nephrogenic
diabetes insipidus correct answers >> Causes of isovolemic
hypernatremia
rare
Body retains NA+ and H20 but retains more NA
infusing hypertonic saline solutions
ACTH excess
consuming lots of soy sauce or concentrated salt water correct
answers >> Causes of hypervolemic hypernatremia
loss of sodium, inadequate intake of sodium, or dilution of sodium
by water excess, hyperaldosteronism, excessive
Loss of body fluid: vomiting, diarrhea, inadequate secretion of
aldosterone, excessive use of diuretics
SIADH, excessive water drinking, SSRIs, liver cirrhosis,
hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, correct answers >> etiology
of hyponatremia
exceed level of 145 mEq/L (normal 135-145) correct answers
>> normal serum level hypernatremia
