COMPREHENSIVE SHARC, Gardner 342 Final Study Cards
Exam With Complete Solutions
What is tonicity? Why does it matter if you are hypertonic or hypotonic? What happens to
cells in these conditions? - ANSWER Tonicity: the ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink
or swell
Hypertonic Solution: A solution having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Cell will lose water and shrink (crenation)
Hypotonic Solution: A solution having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol.
Cell will gain water and rupture or swell (lyse)
Isotonic: equal concentration in solution and cytosol. (No movement)
Significance: influences blood pressure and flow
What is the difference between diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport? When are
they used? For which substances? - ANSWER -(Simple)Diffusion: (passive) = hydrophobic
"stuff" high → low
Lipid-soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, and steroids)
Dissolved gases (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide)"
osmosis
-(Facilitated Diffusion) Carrier-mediated transport: (passive or active) = Hydrophilic "stuff" =
water-soluble compounds, ions
Depends on size, charge and interaction with channel
Usually active transport goes against gradients
,Need a carrier protein in order to pass through the membrane
-(Bulk Transport)Vesicular Transport (Active) low → high
Always active (Require energy and ATP)
-Endocytosis: materials into cell in vesicle→ pinocytosis or phagocytosis
-Exocytosis: released from a cell
What is hydrolysis? - ANSWER A reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule
using water.
Why do you need O2? How is it transported in the blood? - ANSWER O2 is used in cellular
respiration to create ATP
O2 is transported through the body by hemoglobin which is found in Red Blood Cells (RBC's)
Why do we need to get rid of CO2? What happens to pH if we have too much CO2? -
ANSWER Makes blood acidic
It decreases pH
Makes hemoglobin proteins release their oxygen
How is pH measured? Which organs help you to maintain pH homeostasis? - ANSWER a)
Concentration of H+ ions, 0-14. 0-6 = Acidic, 8-14 = Basic
b) Urinary, Respiratory, and Digestive
, What are innate defenses? What are the specific defenses of your body? - ANSWER INNATE
DEFENSES: nonspecific= present at birth (against any type of invading agent)
1.physical barriers: keep hazardous material out of body
-epidermis, mucous membranes, nose hairs, cilia, fluids
2.phagocytes: attack and remove
-microphages, macrophages
3.immunological surveillance: monitors normal tissues
-natural killer cells: identify and attach to abnormal cells
4.interferons: proteins made and released by lymphocytes
-type of cytokine, increase resistance of cells to viral infection/slow disease
5.complementric: (proteins) complement action of antibodies
-attack and lyses, attract phagocytes, enhance inflammation
6.inflammation: inflammatory response
-destroys microbes, initiates tissue repair
7.fever: high body temperature
-hypothalamus, speeds up action that aid repair
SPECIFIC DEFENSES: protect against specific pathogen
1.T cells: cell-mediated immunity= can destroy pathogens in cell
2.B cells: antibody-mediated immunity= defend against antigens and pathogens in fluids
How is the resting potential determined? Which ions are involved? Which transporters? -
Exam With Complete Solutions
What is tonicity? Why does it matter if you are hypertonic or hypotonic? What happens to
cells in these conditions? - ANSWER Tonicity: the ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink
or swell
Hypertonic Solution: A solution having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Cell will lose water and shrink (crenation)
Hypotonic Solution: A solution having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol.
Cell will gain water and rupture or swell (lyse)
Isotonic: equal concentration in solution and cytosol. (No movement)
Significance: influences blood pressure and flow
What is the difference between diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport? When are
they used? For which substances? - ANSWER -(Simple)Diffusion: (passive) = hydrophobic
"stuff" high → low
Lipid-soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, and steroids)
Dissolved gases (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide)"
osmosis
-(Facilitated Diffusion) Carrier-mediated transport: (passive or active) = Hydrophilic "stuff" =
water-soluble compounds, ions
Depends on size, charge and interaction with channel
Usually active transport goes against gradients
,Need a carrier protein in order to pass through the membrane
-(Bulk Transport)Vesicular Transport (Active) low → high
Always active (Require energy and ATP)
-Endocytosis: materials into cell in vesicle→ pinocytosis or phagocytosis
-Exocytosis: released from a cell
What is hydrolysis? - ANSWER A reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule
using water.
Why do you need O2? How is it transported in the blood? - ANSWER O2 is used in cellular
respiration to create ATP
O2 is transported through the body by hemoglobin which is found in Red Blood Cells (RBC's)
Why do we need to get rid of CO2? What happens to pH if we have too much CO2? -
ANSWER Makes blood acidic
It decreases pH
Makes hemoglobin proteins release their oxygen
How is pH measured? Which organs help you to maintain pH homeostasis? - ANSWER a)
Concentration of H+ ions, 0-14. 0-6 = Acidic, 8-14 = Basic
b) Urinary, Respiratory, and Digestive
, What are innate defenses? What are the specific defenses of your body? - ANSWER INNATE
DEFENSES: nonspecific= present at birth (against any type of invading agent)
1.physical barriers: keep hazardous material out of body
-epidermis, mucous membranes, nose hairs, cilia, fluids
2.phagocytes: attack and remove
-microphages, macrophages
3.immunological surveillance: monitors normal tissues
-natural killer cells: identify and attach to abnormal cells
4.interferons: proteins made and released by lymphocytes
-type of cytokine, increase resistance of cells to viral infection/slow disease
5.complementric: (proteins) complement action of antibodies
-attack and lyses, attract phagocytes, enhance inflammation
6.inflammation: inflammatory response
-destroys microbes, initiates tissue repair
7.fever: high body temperature
-hypothalamus, speeds up action that aid repair
SPECIFIC DEFENSES: protect against specific pathogen
1.T cells: cell-mediated immunity= can destroy pathogens in cell
2.B cells: antibody-mediated immunity= defend against antigens and pathogens in fluids
How is the resting potential determined? Which ions are involved? Which transporters? -
