ESTUDYR
BIOL 102 LUO UPDATED EXAM WITH MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| GRADED A+ | ASSURED SUCCESS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
1. Which substances are released by white blood cells to strengthen and coordinate the
immune response?
A. Antibodies
B. Complement proteins
C. Cytokines ✔
D. Histones
E. Lysozyme
Rationale: Cytokines are signaling proteins secreted by immune cells that modulate
inflammation, cell recruitment, and activation of other immune cells.
2. Which phagocytic cell accounts for roughly two-thirds of circulating white blood cells
and is a first-responder to infection?
A. Macrophage
B. Monocyte
C. Neutrophil ✔
D. Eosinophil
E. Basophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell and rapidly engulf
pathogens; they are key players in acute inflammation.
3. Which structure filters bacteria and other disease agents from lymph before it returns to
the bloodstream?
A. Spleen
B. Thymus
C. Lymph node ✔
D. Appendix
E. Peyer’s patch
Rationale: Lymph nodes trap pathogens and present them to lymphocytes, acting as
localized immune surveillance stations.
4. What chemical released by mast cells causes vasodilation, increased vascular
permeability, and classic inflammation signs (redness, swelling, heat)?
A. Interleukin-2
B. Prostaglandin
C. Bradykinin
D. Histamine ✔
, ESTUDYR
E. Complement C3a
Rationale: Histamine, released from mast cell granules, drives early inflammatory
changes like vasodilation and leakage of plasma into tissues.
5. What term describes the body’s inborn, non-specific defenses against infection
(barriers, phagocytes, innate molecular responses)?
A. Adaptive immunity
B. Cell-mediated immunity
C. Humoral immunity
D. Innate immunity ✔
E. Passive immunity
Rationale: Innate immunity includes immediate, non-specific defenses such as skin,
mucous membranes, phagocytes, and complement.
6. What term describes immune defenses specifically tailored to particular pathogens and
improved by prior exposure?
A. Innate immunity
B. Complement system
C. Adaptive immunity ✔
D. Inflammatory response
E. Physical barriers
Rationale: Adaptive immunity (B and T cells) generates pathogen-specific responses and
memory for faster secondary responses.
7. Which cell type captures antigens in tissues and presents them to T cells — effectively
alerting and activating the adaptive immune system?
A. Neutrophil
B. Macrophage
C. B cell
D. Dendritic cell ✔
E. Eosinophil
Rationale: Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that migrate to lymph
nodes to prime naive T cells.
8. Which organ of the lymphatic/immune system is the largest and filters blood as well as
stores and recycles blood cells?
A. Lymph node
B. Thymus
C. Bone marrow
D. Tonsil
BIOL 102 LUO UPDATED EXAM WITH MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| GRADED A+ | ASSURED SUCCESS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
1. Which substances are released by white blood cells to strengthen and coordinate the
immune response?
A. Antibodies
B. Complement proteins
C. Cytokines ✔
D. Histones
E. Lysozyme
Rationale: Cytokines are signaling proteins secreted by immune cells that modulate
inflammation, cell recruitment, and activation of other immune cells.
2. Which phagocytic cell accounts for roughly two-thirds of circulating white blood cells
and is a first-responder to infection?
A. Macrophage
B. Monocyte
C. Neutrophil ✔
D. Eosinophil
E. Basophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell and rapidly engulf
pathogens; they are key players in acute inflammation.
3. Which structure filters bacteria and other disease agents from lymph before it returns to
the bloodstream?
A. Spleen
B. Thymus
C. Lymph node ✔
D. Appendix
E. Peyer’s patch
Rationale: Lymph nodes trap pathogens and present them to lymphocytes, acting as
localized immune surveillance stations.
4. What chemical released by mast cells causes vasodilation, increased vascular
permeability, and classic inflammation signs (redness, swelling, heat)?
A. Interleukin-2
B. Prostaglandin
C. Bradykinin
D. Histamine ✔
, ESTUDYR
E. Complement C3a
Rationale: Histamine, released from mast cell granules, drives early inflammatory
changes like vasodilation and leakage of plasma into tissues.
5. What term describes the body’s inborn, non-specific defenses against infection
(barriers, phagocytes, innate molecular responses)?
A. Adaptive immunity
B. Cell-mediated immunity
C. Humoral immunity
D. Innate immunity ✔
E. Passive immunity
Rationale: Innate immunity includes immediate, non-specific defenses such as skin,
mucous membranes, phagocytes, and complement.
6. What term describes immune defenses specifically tailored to particular pathogens and
improved by prior exposure?
A. Innate immunity
B. Complement system
C. Adaptive immunity ✔
D. Inflammatory response
E. Physical barriers
Rationale: Adaptive immunity (B and T cells) generates pathogen-specific responses and
memory for faster secondary responses.
7. Which cell type captures antigens in tissues and presents them to T cells — effectively
alerting and activating the adaptive immune system?
A. Neutrophil
B. Macrophage
C. B cell
D. Dendritic cell ✔
E. Eosinophil
Rationale: Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that migrate to lymph
nodes to prime naive T cells.
8. Which organ of the lymphatic/immune system is the largest and filters blood as well as
stores and recycles blood cells?
A. Lymph node
B. Thymus
C. Bone marrow
D. Tonsil
