1. Protein hormones and enzymes are stored in the __________, awaiting signals to be released into the
cell.
A) food vacuole
B) Golgi complex
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) secretory vesicles
Ans: D
2. Low serum albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) can cause edema because:
A) oncotic pressure increases.
B) oncotic pressure decreases.
C) osmotic pressure increases.
D) hydrostatic pressure decreases.
Ans: B
3. Neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles and then fuse with the cell membrane for release. This
is
an example of:
A) pinocytosis.
B) phagocytosis.
C) exocytosis.
D) endocytosis.
Ans: C
4. What is a possible reason for increased risk for chromosomal abnormalities with older maternal age?
A) Ova meiosis is complete by the time a girl is born thereby making them less likely to divide properly.
B) The older ova are more likely to have errors during meiosis.
C) Older ova are more likely to have p53 gene mutations.
D) Ova are continuously produced thereby increasing the chance of creating defective ova.
,Ans: B
5. DNA that is transmitted from parents to offspring mainly comes from the:
A) mitochondria.
B) nucleolus.
C) ribosomes.
D) nucleus.
Ans: D
6. A patient will be receiving stem cells obtained from a donor’s blood (allogenic transplant) for
leukemia
(abnormal white blood cells). These stem cells are categorized as multipotent because they can make:
A) multiple types of cells in the body.
B) only white blood cells.
C) all types of blood cells.
D) differentiated cells that can become any cell.
Ans: C
7. During which phase of the cell cycle are there “checkpoints” where damaged DNA is fixed?
A) Interphase
B) Prophase
C) Metaphase
D) Anaphase
Ans: A
8. A woman had a biopsy of a breast mass. Which of the following findings are considered
precancerous?
A) Columnar metaplasia
B) Ductal atrophy
,C) Atypical hyperplasia
D) Squamous hypertrophy
Ans: C
9. A __________ gene is one that produces an effect only in the homozygous state.
A) dominant
B) recessive
C) sex-linked
D) hemizygous
Ans: B
10. Antioxidants found in food and vitamin supplements are thought to:
A) increase oxygenation.
B) improve absorption of beneficial minerals.
C) increase elimination of toxic chemicals.
D) counteract oxidative stress.
Ans: D
11. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are best described as:*****
A) disease-causing genetic mutations.
B) variations on a single DNA base pair.
C) a number of copies on a particular gene that varies.
D) base pairs that alter gene expression.
Ans: B
12. Which of the following are characteristic of malignant cells?
A) Anaplastic, proliferate, and nonfunctioning
B) Well differentiated and nonfunctioning
C) Anaplastic, encapsulated, and functioning
, D) Some differentiation, evade apoptosis, and functioning
Ans: A
13. A patient has pancreatic cancer and has a RAS proto-oncogene mutation. This oncogene affects cells
by:
A) suppressing cellular growth and division.
B) turning off protein transcription.
C) allowing the cell to gain function such as proliferation.
D) destroying cellular repair mechanisms.
Ans: C
14. A mutation of the breast carcinoma 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) gene associated with cancer of the
breast and ovaries will result in cell:
A) loss of tumor suppressor function.
B) gain of tumor suppressor function.
C) accelerated hyperplasia.
D) increase in protein transcription.
Ans: A
15. Epigenetics is the field of science that evaluates:
A) changes in underlying DNA sequence.
B) single nucleotide polymorphism development.
C) copy number variant development.
D) mechanism of activation and deactivation of genes.
Ans: D
16. Dysplasia of epithelial cells sometimes results from:
A) excessive sodium intake.
B) chronic irritation or inflammation.
cell.
A) food vacuole
B) Golgi complex
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) secretory vesicles
Ans: D
2. Low serum albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) can cause edema because:
A) oncotic pressure increases.
B) oncotic pressure decreases.
C) osmotic pressure increases.
D) hydrostatic pressure decreases.
Ans: B
3. Neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles and then fuse with the cell membrane for release. This
is
an example of:
A) pinocytosis.
B) phagocytosis.
C) exocytosis.
D) endocytosis.
Ans: C
4. What is a possible reason for increased risk for chromosomal abnormalities with older maternal age?
A) Ova meiosis is complete by the time a girl is born thereby making them less likely to divide properly.
B) The older ova are more likely to have errors during meiosis.
C) Older ova are more likely to have p53 gene mutations.
D) Ova are continuously produced thereby increasing the chance of creating defective ova.
,Ans: B
5. DNA that is transmitted from parents to offspring mainly comes from the:
A) mitochondria.
B) nucleolus.
C) ribosomes.
D) nucleus.
Ans: D
6. A patient will be receiving stem cells obtained from a donor’s blood (allogenic transplant) for
leukemia
(abnormal white blood cells). These stem cells are categorized as multipotent because they can make:
A) multiple types of cells in the body.
B) only white blood cells.
C) all types of blood cells.
D) differentiated cells that can become any cell.
Ans: C
7. During which phase of the cell cycle are there “checkpoints” where damaged DNA is fixed?
A) Interphase
B) Prophase
C) Metaphase
D) Anaphase
Ans: A
8. A woman had a biopsy of a breast mass. Which of the following findings are considered
precancerous?
A) Columnar metaplasia
B) Ductal atrophy
,C) Atypical hyperplasia
D) Squamous hypertrophy
Ans: C
9. A __________ gene is one that produces an effect only in the homozygous state.
A) dominant
B) recessive
C) sex-linked
D) hemizygous
Ans: B
10. Antioxidants found in food and vitamin supplements are thought to:
A) increase oxygenation.
B) improve absorption of beneficial minerals.
C) increase elimination of toxic chemicals.
D) counteract oxidative stress.
Ans: D
11. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are best described as:*****
A) disease-causing genetic mutations.
B) variations on a single DNA base pair.
C) a number of copies on a particular gene that varies.
D) base pairs that alter gene expression.
Ans: B
12. Which of the following are characteristic of malignant cells?
A) Anaplastic, proliferate, and nonfunctioning
B) Well differentiated and nonfunctioning
C) Anaplastic, encapsulated, and functioning
, D) Some differentiation, evade apoptosis, and functioning
Ans: A
13. A patient has pancreatic cancer and has a RAS proto-oncogene mutation. This oncogene affects cells
by:
A) suppressing cellular growth and division.
B) turning off protein transcription.
C) allowing the cell to gain function such as proliferation.
D) destroying cellular repair mechanisms.
Ans: C
14. A mutation of the breast carcinoma 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) gene associated with cancer of the
breast and ovaries will result in cell:
A) loss of tumor suppressor function.
B) gain of tumor suppressor function.
C) accelerated hyperplasia.
D) increase in protein transcription.
Ans: A
15. Epigenetics is the field of science that evaluates:
A) changes in underlying DNA sequence.
B) single nucleotide polymorphism development.
C) copy number variant development.
D) mechanism of activation and deactivation of genes.
Ans: D
16. Dysplasia of epithelial cells sometimes results from:
A) excessive sodium intake.
B) chronic irritation or inflammation.
