MT AAB Immunology Exam Study Guide Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

MT AAB Immunology Exam Study Guide Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct Measurement of serum levels of which of the following immunoglobulins can serve as a screening test for allergies? - ANSWER IgE What is the basic immunoglobulin structure? - ANSWER 2 light chains + 2 heavy chains Fc is which fragment of the antibody molecule? - ANSWER Crystallizable The area of the immunoglobulin molecule referred to as the hinge region is located between which domains? - ANSWER CH1 and CH2 What is the first immunoglobulin class to appear in the primary response? - ANSWER IgM In the secondary response, which immunoglobulin increases rapidly? - ANSWER IgG A rapid antibody production to an elevated level that persist for a long time that follows repeated exposure to an antigen is seen in which phase of the immune response? - ANSWER Anamnestic response All of the following are functions of the complement system except which one? - ANSWER Involved in the production of antibodies All of the following are functions of the complement system: - ANSWER Involved in the inflammatory response, primary humoral mediator of antigen-antibody reactions, essential part of body defense against bacteria and viruses. Which region of the immunoglobulin is responsible for antigen binding? - ANSWER Variable region In the structure of immunoglobulins, which region contains the disulfide bridge? - ANSWER Constant region Antibody class is determined by the antigenic variation found primarily in which region? - ANSWER Constant region of the heavy chain How many IgG subclasses are there? - ANSWER 4 Which of the following is a proteloytic enzyme that fragments IdG in three fragments? - ANSWER Papain After an antibody has been fragmented by papain, which term denotes the antigen- binding fragment? - ANSWER Fab Which term best describes a small peptide formed during complement activation that causes increased vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle, and release of histamine from mast cells? - ANSWER Anaphylatoxin All of the following are characteristics of complement: - ANSWER They are normally present in circulation, they are plasma proteins, and they are heat labile All of the following are characteristics of complement EXCEPT: - ANSWER They are all designated by numbers Which complement component of the recognition phase is the first component to bind to the immunoglobulin? - ANSWER C1q What is the order of activation of complement components in the classical pathway? - ANSWER C1, C4, C2, C3 Which complement complex is known as the membrane attack unit? - ANSWER C56789 Which of the following is a strong chemotactic factor as well as an anaphylatoxin? - ANSWER C5a Which one of the following complement components is NOT involved in the alternate pathway? - ANSWER C1 The following complement components are involved in the alternate pathway: - ANSWER Factor B, Properdin, and Factor D Which complement component is present in the highest concentration in serum and is a key component in both the classical and alternative pathways? - ANSWER C3 What is the end product of complement activation? - ANSWER Cell lysis Antigen-antibody binding is affected by all of the following EXCEPT which one? - ANSWER Enzyme concentration Antigen-antibody binding is affected by all of the following: - ANSWER pH, temperature, length of the incubation Which reaction is caused by an IgG antibody binding to the surface of a red blood cell causing a reversible reaction? - ANSWER Sensitization Combination of soluble antibody with soluble antigen to produce insoluble complexes is the principle of which method? - ANSWER Precipitation What causes a prozone reaction? - ANSWER Antibody excess The optimal ratio, when the most antibody is precipitated by the least amount of antigen, is referred to as which one of the following? - ANSWER Zone of equivalence When a precipitation reaction is converted to an agglutination reaction by increasing the size of the antigen, what is the test then referred to as? - ANSWER Indirect agglutination What are hemagglutination tests? - ANSWER Agglutination tests in which the antigens are located on the RBCs Patient serum is incubated with a virus, followed by RBCs known to be agglutinated by the virus. If the serum contains the antibody to the virus, the virus is neutralized and agglutination of the RBCs is inhibited. What method uses this principle? - ANSWER Hemagglutination inhibition Effective phagocytosis occurs in the presence of which of the following? - ANSWER Opsonins How are monoclonal antibodies prepared? - ANSWER Fuse B lymphocytes with a plasma myeloma cell Hybridomas are formed from which one of the following? - ANSWER B lymphocytes All of the following are limitations of monoclonal antibodies from a hybridoma EXCEPT which one? - ANSWER Can be adapted to many immunological binding assays All of the following are limitations of monoclonal antibodies from a hybridoma: - ANSWER React with only one antigenic determinant on a multivalent antigen, are not good in precipitation of hemagglutination assays, do not cross-link to form a precipitate Why can't monoclonal antibodies be used in complement fixation tests? - ANSWER They cannot fix complement