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,Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era and Profesi
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ional Societies, Organizations, and Associations. ap ap ap




MULTIPLE CHOICE ap




1. Which method is defined as manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction f
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orclinical, therapeutic, and palliative purposes?
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a. Acupuncture
b. Ayurveda
c. Polarity therapy ap



d. Massage therapy ap




ANS: D a p



Massage therapy the manipulation of soft tissue using compression and decompression/t
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raction for clinical, therapeutic, and palliative purposes or for wellness andself-
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care purposes. ap




2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
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a. Mashesh
b. Masso
c. Masser
d. Makeh
ANS: B a p



The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the H
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ebrewmashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sa
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nskrit makeh, and the French masser.
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3. When was the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
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a. 1600s
b. 1700s
c. 1800s
d. 1900s

ANS: C a p



By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-
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based cultures.Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as fri
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ction or rubbing. ap ap




4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BCE in which country?
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a. India
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Greece
ANS: B a p



Written records regarding the practice of massage go back to 3000 BCE in China.Acupu
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ncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BCE.
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5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
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, a. Tao Te Ching ap ap



b. Nei Ching ap



c. Ayur-Veda
d. Corpus Hippocraticum ap




ANS: B a p



At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the Ye
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llow Emperor (died in 2599 BCE) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chines
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emedicine known as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BCE, and this
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work contains detailed descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
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6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and e
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nergetictherapies?
a. Polarity
b. Shiatsu
c. Acupuncture
d. Amma

ANS: D a p



Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chineset
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herapies, manual and energetic. ap ap ap




7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
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a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Amma
d. Polarity
ANS: A a p



Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China, and mas
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sagebecame part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical t
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exts, the Ayurveda books of wisdom (about 1800 BCE) and recommend massage as an i
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ndispensablevhealing procedure. ap




8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses pressure a
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ppliedfrom the practitioner’s thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
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a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Massage
d. Amma
ANS: B a p



Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts
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asacupuncture — ap



energy flows in the body through streams called channels or meridians.
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Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy; shiatsu p
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ractitioners use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, elbows, and even their knees and fee
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t.

9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
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a. Galen
b. Celsus
c. Rhazes




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, d. Hippocrates

ANS: D a p



Hippocrates was known to be a fine physician, founder of a medical school, author of nu
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merous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” These works are collecti
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vely known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was knownab
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out disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as th
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e father of modern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid caus
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ing harm to patients.
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10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in b
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oththe East and the West?ap ap ap ap



a. Rhazes
b. Celsus
c. Avicenna
d. Hippocrates
ANS: C a p



A text entitled
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or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the great ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap ap



estPersian physicians of his era, Avicenna (980-
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1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in
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the history of medicine in both the East and the West.
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11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
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a. Paré
b. Harvey
c. Galen
d. Mezger

ANS: A a p



Ambroise Paré (1515- ap ap



1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest individuals in this era t
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o discuss the effects of massage. He used friction to treat dislocatedjoints and other orth
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opedic conditions. ap




12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to
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muscularcontraction of the heart? ap ap ap



a. Paré
b. Galen
c. Harvey
d. Mezger
ANS: C a p



English scientist William Harvey (1578–
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1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628,and his writings did much to promot
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e the acceptance of massage as a treatment measure.
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Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and determined that active phase of the h
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eartmuscular contraction (systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins.
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13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
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a. Johann Mezger ap



b. Pehr H. Ling ap ap



c. George Henry Taylor ap ap




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