NR546 Final Exam Questions with Detailed
Verified Answers
Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Ans: Lithium
Anticonvulsants
Second generation antipsychotics
Unipolar depression Ans: major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year, prevalence highest
(13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms.
Bipolar disorder (BD) Ans: Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations
in mood, energy, and ability to function
,-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or
psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may cycle rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a
history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide
mania Ans: characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed activity or
energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing
thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity
to be involved in high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant functional impairment
and may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization
Bipolar Type I: Ans: requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or
any duration if hospitalization due to symptoms is required)
Bipolar Type II: Ans: diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a
current or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer
than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause significant
functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these
symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the
depression phase.
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,Cyclothymia: Ans: involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive
symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or
manic/hypomanic episode.
If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD: Ans: antidepressant therapy may
precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and adults
younger than 25
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
________________. Ans: monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset of a
hypomanic or manic episode
DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms Ans: Decreased positive
affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms Ans: Increased negative
affect:
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, depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
monoamine hypothesis of depression Ans: -depression occurs as a result of a
deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess
Medication Management for Depression, First-Line Treatment: Ans: • Selective
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI)
• Serotonin Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs)
SSRI's Ans: Mechanism of action
• inhibit 5-HT reuptake
Adverse effects
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
Verified Answers
Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Ans: Lithium
Anticonvulsants
Second generation antipsychotics
Unipolar depression Ans: major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year, prevalence highest
(13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic symptoms.
Bipolar disorder (BD) Ans: Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations
in mood, energy, and ability to function
,-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood or
psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may cycle rapidly
-diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or hypomania with a
history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide
mania Ans: characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood.
Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-directed activity or
energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, racing
thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility, psychomotor agitation, and a propensity
to be involved in high-risk activities. Mania leads to significant functional impairment
and may include psychotic features or necessitate hospitalization
Bipolar Type I: Ans: requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or
any duration if hospitalization due to symptoms is required)
Bipolar Type II: Ans: diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a
current or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer
than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause significant
functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these
symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in the
depression phase.
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
,Cyclothymia: Ans: involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive
symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or
manic/hypomanic episode.
If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD: Ans: antidepressant therapy may
precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and adults
younger than 25
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
________________. Ans: monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the onset of a
hypomanic or manic episode
DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms Ans: Decreased positive
affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms Ans: Increased negative
affect:
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
, depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility
irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
monoamine hypothesis of depression Ans: -depression occurs as a result of a
deficiency of one or all three monoamine transmitters
• serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess
Medication Management for Depression, First-Line Treatment: Ans: • Selective
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI)
• Serotonin Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs)
SSRI's Ans: Mechanism of action
• inhibit 5-HT reuptake
Adverse effects
© Get it right 2025 Getaway - Stuvia US All rights reserved
