Pathophysiology NURS 231 Module 7 Exam

Pathophysiology NURS 231 Module 7 Exam
ReviewitheistructureiandifunctioniofitheiGIitracti-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii



GIitractiorgansi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiimouth

pharynx
esophagus
stomach
smalliintestine
largeiintestine

accessoryiorgansi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiteeth

tongue
gallbladder
salivaryiglands
liver
pancreas

organsiusediforimechanicaliprocessingiofifoodi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiioralicavity

teeth
tongue

salivaryiglandsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-containiamylaseienzymeitoibreakidownicarbs

-bolusiformation

pharynxi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiimuscularipropulsioniofifoodiintoiesophagus



esophagusi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiipassagewayithatiusesiperistalsisitoimoveifooditowarditheistomach



stomachi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-chemicalidigestioniviaiacidiandipepsini(digestiproteinsiintoiaminoiacids)

-mechanicalidigestioniviaimuscularicontractions
-3ilayersiofismoothimuscle

Whatirole(s)idoesitheiliveriserve?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiestimateditoihaveioveri200ifunctions



-producesibile
-storesivitaminsiandimineralsiandiconvertsithemitoibeiuseableibyitheibody
-metabolizesihormonesiandidrugs
-synthesizesiproteins,iglucose,iandiclottingifactors
-changesiammoniaitoiurea
-convertsifattyiacidsitoiketones

,-canistoreilargeiamountsiofiglucoseiasiglycogen
-canisynthesizeiglucoseifromiaminoiacids,iglycerol,iandilacticiacididuringitimesiofifastingioriincreasedid
emand
-caniconvertiexcessicarbohydratesitoitriglyceridesiforistorageiiniadiposeitissue
-isiaimajorisiteiforiproteinisynthesisiandidegradation.

liveri-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-bileisynthesis

-storeiandireleaseinutrientsi(glycogeniandilipids)
-maintainsiconcentrationsiofiglucose,iaminoiacids,iandifattyiacidsiiniblood
-cholesterolisynthesis
-inter-conversioniofinutrientitypesiwhenineeded

gallbladderi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-storesibile

-wheniaifattyimealiisiconsumed,itheigallbladderiisisignalediviaihormonesitoicontracti
-wheniiticontractsiitiemptiesibileiintoismalliintestineitoiaidiinifatidigestion

pancreasi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiexocrineifunctions:

-producesipancreaticijuiceiwithienzymesiandialkalineibufferi(neutralizesistomachiaciditoinotiharmismall
iintestine)itoiaidiinidigestioniinismalliintestinei(proteaseitoibreakidowniproteins,ilipaseiforifats,iamylaseif

oristarch)
endocrineifunctions:
-secretesihormonesi(insuliniandiglucagon)itoiregulateibloodiglucoseilevels
-insulinidropsibloodiglucose
-glucagoniraisesibloodiglucoseiduringifasting

smalliintestinei-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-chemicalidigestioniintoimacronutrients

-absorptioniofinutrients,ivitamins,iwater,iions
-needsilargeisurfaceiareaitoiabsorbiallinutrients

largeiintestinei-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-mainlyiabsorptioniofiwater

-microbiomeihelpsiproduceisomeivitaminsitoibeiabsorbedi(vitaminiK)
-eliminationiofiindigestibleifood
-fecesiisieliminatediviaiperistalsis

4ilayersiofitheiGIiwalli-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiimucosalilayer

submucosalilayer
muscularisiexterna
serosalilayer

mucosalilayeri-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-1iofi4ilayersiofitheiGIiwall

-Producesimucusithatilubricatesiandiprotectsitheiinnerisurfaceiofitheialimentaryicanal
-Secretesidigestiveienzymesiandisubstancesithatibreakidownifood
-Absorbsitheibreakdowniproductsiofidigestion
-Maintainsiaibarrieritoipreventitheientryiofinoxiousisubstancesiandipathogeniciorganisms

, submucosalilayeri-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-1iofi4ilayersiofitheiGIiwall

-bloodivessels,inerves,iandistructuresitoisecreteidigestiveienzymes

muscularisiexternai-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-1iofi4ilayersiofitheiGIiwall

-innerilayerioficircularlyiarrangedismoothimuscleicellsiandianiouterilayeriofilongitudinallyiarrangedism
oothimuscleilayers
-TheseilayersihelpimoveitheicontentsithroughitheiGIitract

serosalilayeri-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-1iofi4ilayersiofitheiGIiwall

-serousimembrane
-outermostilayeriofiorgans,icalleditheivisceraliperitoneum

mesenteryi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-

doubleilayeriofiperitoneumithatienclosesiaiportioniorialliofioneiofitheiabdominalivisceraiandiattachesiitito
itheiabdominaliwall

-hasibloodivessels,inerves,iandilymphaticivesselsithatisupplyitheiintestinaliwall
-holdsitheiorgansiiniplaceiandistoresifat

omentumi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-double-

layerediextensioniorifoldiofiperitoneumithatihangsidownifromitheistomachitoiadjacentiorgansiinitheiabdo
minalicavity
-greateriomentumiandilesseriomentum

greateriomentumi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-containsifatiandihasiailotiofimobilityitoifollowitheimovementsiofitheiintestines



-connectsitoitheistomachiandicoversitheitransverseicolonianditheifoldsiofitheiintestine
-caniformiadhesionsi(fibrousiscaritissue)iadjacentitoiinflamediorgans,isuchiasitheiappendix
-cushionsitheiabdominaliorgansiagainstiinjuryiandiprovidesiinsulationiagainstitheilossiofibodyiheat

lesseriomentumi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-lesseriomentumiextendsibetweenitheiliveriandilessericurvatureiofitheistomach



rhythmicimovementsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-intermittenticontractionsithatihelpitoimixiandimoveifoodialong

-foundiinitheiesophagus,iantrumiofitheistomach,iandismalliintestine.

tonicimovementsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-haveiaiconstantilevelioficontractionioritoneiwithoutiregulariperiodsiofirelaxation

-locatediinitheiloweriesophagus,itheiupperiregioniofitheistomach,itheiileocecalivalve,ianditheiinternalian
alisphincter.

entericinervousisystemi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiii-madeiupibyimyentericiandisubmucosaliplexusesilocatediinitheiwalliofitheiGIitract

-Theseitwoiplexusesiareinetworksiofinerveifibersiandiganglionicellibodies
-Interneuronsiconnectiafferentisensoryifibers,iefferentimotorineurons,iandisecretoryicellsitoiformireflexi
circuits.