PNB 2265 FINAL QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
How much filtrate is reabsorbed by the kidney? - ANS 99%
Functions of the kidney - ANS excretion of wastes and foreign chemicals
regulation of water and ions
secretion of hormones
what does the blood enter the kidney from? - ANS large renal arteries from the aorta enter
the medial border
what makes up the renal cortex? - ANS the outer cortical region and the inner
juxtamedullary region which is near the medulla
where is the renal pepillae located and what is it? - ANS renal medulla and it is the tip or
apex of the nephron pyramids
what filters into the renal pelvis? - ANS calyx
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,the osmotic gradient is working from where? - ANS outer cortex to the inner medulla
what is filtered in bowman's capsule? - ANS blood plasma minus the proteins so there are
nutrients and ions in similar concentration to blood
list the order of the nephrons units - ANS bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle (descending then ascending)
distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts (cortical then papillary)
what delivers blood to the glomerular capillaries? - ANS afferent arteriole
where do efferent arterioles carry blood to? - ANS away from the glomerular capillaries to
the peritubular capillaries
peritubular capillaries - ANS around the proximal and distal tubules and are absorbing the
materials being reabsorbed from the tubules back into the body and anything being secreted
into the tubules are coming from these capillaries
two types of nephrons - ANS cortical - short loops
juxtamedullary - long
Juxtamedullary nephrons - ANS role in urine concentrating mechanism,
creates osmotic gradient,
associated with the vasa recta
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, where is the primary site of reabsorption - ANS proximal tubule
concentration of the most dilute urine you can have? - ANS 100mOsm
what is the renal corpuscle made of? what is it the site of - ANS glomerular capillaries and
Bowman's capsule
site of filtration
Basic Renal Processes - ANS Bulk flow of protein-free plasma from glomerular capillaries into
nephron. Since filtrate is essentially the same as plasma (minus the proteins), as fluid flows
through the rest of the nephron, the processes of reabsorption and secretion will alter the
filtrate to form urine
smooth muscle of bladder - ANS detrusor muscle
transitional epithelium - ANS layered epithelium that is able to withstand stretch by changing
cell shape fom cube to flat
amount excreted - ANS amount filtered + amount secreted - amount reabsorbed
how are proteins eliminated from the plasma? - ANS podocytes
podocytes - ANS epithelial cells of bowmans capsule are slits that prevent the passage of
proteins into bowmans space
forces favoring filtration - ANS glomerular capillary blood pressure
capsular colloid osmotic pressure which is normally 0
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
How much filtrate is reabsorbed by the kidney? - ANS 99%
Functions of the kidney - ANS excretion of wastes and foreign chemicals
regulation of water and ions
secretion of hormones
what does the blood enter the kidney from? - ANS large renal arteries from the aorta enter
the medial border
what makes up the renal cortex? - ANS the outer cortical region and the inner
juxtamedullary region which is near the medulla
where is the renal pepillae located and what is it? - ANS renal medulla and it is the tip or
apex of the nephron pyramids
what filters into the renal pelvis? - ANS calyx
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,the osmotic gradient is working from where? - ANS outer cortex to the inner medulla
what is filtered in bowman's capsule? - ANS blood plasma minus the proteins so there are
nutrients and ions in similar concentration to blood
list the order of the nephrons units - ANS bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle (descending then ascending)
distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts (cortical then papillary)
what delivers blood to the glomerular capillaries? - ANS afferent arteriole
where do efferent arterioles carry blood to? - ANS away from the glomerular capillaries to
the peritubular capillaries
peritubular capillaries - ANS around the proximal and distal tubules and are absorbing the
materials being reabsorbed from the tubules back into the body and anything being secreted
into the tubules are coming from these capillaries
two types of nephrons - ANS cortical - short loops
juxtamedullary - long
Juxtamedullary nephrons - ANS role in urine concentrating mechanism,
creates osmotic gradient,
associated with the vasa recta
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, where is the primary site of reabsorption - ANS proximal tubule
concentration of the most dilute urine you can have? - ANS 100mOsm
what is the renal corpuscle made of? what is it the site of - ANS glomerular capillaries and
Bowman's capsule
site of filtration
Basic Renal Processes - ANS Bulk flow of protein-free plasma from glomerular capillaries into
nephron. Since filtrate is essentially the same as plasma (minus the proteins), as fluid flows
through the rest of the nephron, the processes of reabsorption and secretion will alter the
filtrate to form urine
smooth muscle of bladder - ANS detrusor muscle
transitional epithelium - ANS layered epithelium that is able to withstand stretch by changing
cell shape fom cube to flat
amount excreted - ANS amount filtered + amount secreted - amount reabsorbed
how are proteins eliminated from the plasma? - ANS podocytes
podocytes - ANS epithelial cells of bowmans capsule are slits that prevent the passage of
proteins into bowmans space
forces favoring filtration - ANS glomerular capillary blood pressure
capsular colloid osmotic pressure which is normally 0
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
