UCONN PNB 2265 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Ventricle diastole (late) - ANS "filling phase":
-Patria is greater than Pventricle
-AV valve is open
-Ventricle is filled at its maximum and is at EDV
ventricle systole (Early) - ANS "isovolumic Contraction":
-Lub
-Pventricle is greater than Patria
-Paorta is greater than Pventricle so SL valve is still closed
-no change in volume because there is nowhere for the blood to go but it still contracting
ventricle Systole (Late) - ANS - pventricle is greater than patria
- pventricle is greater than paorta so SL valve opens
- Contraction continues, blood ejects out the SL valve and whatever blood you got left is the
ESV
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, ventricular diastole early - ANS -As ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles starts to drop;
blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves and forces them closed. Blood flows into the
relaxed atria.
-pventricle is greater than patria
-paorta is greater than pventricle
- SL valve closed
A decrease in end systolic volume will _ stroke volume - ANS increase
Stroke Volume Equation - ANS Stroke volume = end-diastolic volume - end systolic volume
Cardiac Output - ANS heart rate x stroke volume; Rate at which blood is coming out... how
forcefully the heart is contracting and how often this
contraction is occurring
Cardiac Myocytes similarties to Skeletal - ANS striated, sacromere/contraction with filaments
cardiac myocytes differences to skeletal - ANS bifurcations (branched), anastomoses,
intercalated disks: made up of desmosomes and gap junctions (electrical signals) create atrial
and ventricular syncytia
cardiac excitation coupling steps - ANS 1. cardiac myocytes fire AP creating a depolarization
(positive change in membrane potential)
2. spreads along the plasma membrane and eventually reaches the t-tubules inside the cardiac
myocytes
3. LTCC channels open up in the t-tubules and allows calcium to enter the cytosol (this will soon
lead to contraction but we don't need details on this except for strength of contraction**)
4. Since t-tubules are so close to SR it opens up RyR on SR and calcium is released into the
cytoplasm
5. Relaxation occurs when Ca unbind fro troponin
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Ventricle diastole (late) - ANS "filling phase":
-Patria is greater than Pventricle
-AV valve is open
-Ventricle is filled at its maximum and is at EDV
ventricle systole (Early) - ANS "isovolumic Contraction":
-Lub
-Pventricle is greater than Patria
-Paorta is greater than Pventricle so SL valve is still closed
-no change in volume because there is nowhere for the blood to go but it still contracting
ventricle Systole (Late) - ANS - pventricle is greater than patria
- pventricle is greater than paorta so SL valve opens
- Contraction continues, blood ejects out the SL valve and whatever blood you got left is the
ESV
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, ventricular diastole early - ANS -As ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles starts to drop;
blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves and forces them closed. Blood flows into the
relaxed atria.
-pventricle is greater than patria
-paorta is greater than pventricle
- SL valve closed
A decrease in end systolic volume will _ stroke volume - ANS increase
Stroke Volume Equation - ANS Stroke volume = end-diastolic volume - end systolic volume
Cardiac Output - ANS heart rate x stroke volume; Rate at which blood is coming out... how
forcefully the heart is contracting and how often this
contraction is occurring
Cardiac Myocytes similarties to Skeletal - ANS striated, sacromere/contraction with filaments
cardiac myocytes differences to skeletal - ANS bifurcations (branched), anastomoses,
intercalated disks: made up of desmosomes and gap junctions (electrical signals) create atrial
and ventricular syncytia
cardiac excitation coupling steps - ANS 1. cardiac myocytes fire AP creating a depolarization
(positive change in membrane potential)
2. spreads along the plasma membrane and eventually reaches the t-tubules inside the cardiac
myocytes
3. LTCC channels open up in the t-tubules and allows calcium to enter the cytosol (this will soon
lead to contraction but we don't need details on this except for strength of contraction**)
4. Since t-tubules are so close to SR it opens up RyR on SR and calcium is released into the
cytoplasm
5. Relaxation occurs when Ca unbind fro troponin
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
