Page |1
NURS 611 EXAM 1 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY) NEWEST 2025/2026 NEWEST
ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+|
What is oncotic pressure? - ANSWER-aka colloidal osmotic
pressure- it is pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in
the blood vessels plasma that tends to pull water into the
circulatory system
explain how fluid moves from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space. what is it influenced by>? - ANSWER-through
the arterial end of capillaries and the capillary hydrostatic
pressure being higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. It is
influenced by the cardiac system (think about the heart getting
fluids/nutrients where they need to go)
What are natriuretic peptides? - ANSWER-hormones
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name 3 natriuretic peptides and what they produce by/ associated
with - ANSWER-1- Artial natriuetric peptide (ANP) produced by
the myocardia atria
2- brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced by the myocardia
ventricles
3- Urodilation within the kidney
what 2 things do natriuretic peptides affect? - ANSWER-decrease
BP and increase sodium and water excretion
what are natriuretic peptides an antagonist of? - ANSWER-the
RAAS system (weak antagonist)
What doe RAAS stand for? - ANSWER-renin angiotension-
aldosterone system
What is renin? - ANSWER-an enzyme secreted by the
juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney that promotes the production of
the protein angiotensin.
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Explain RAAS - ANSWER-1- circulating blood volume/pressure is
reduced felt by the kidneys
2- renin is released in response to the sympathetic nerve
stimulation and decreased perfusion of the renal vasculature.
Angiotension I is converted into Angiotension II.
3- aldosterone is pumped out by the adrenal glans (main hormone
released to increase perfusion). aldosterone increased sodium
and therefore an increase in storage of water and increases BP
what causes the secretion of ADH and the feeling of thirst -
ANSWER-1- increase in the plasma osmolality (works with
sodium and is released by the posterior pituitary), conserves
waters.
Think hypovolemia after a stabbing (RASS and ADH work
together)
Normal range of sodium - ANSWER-135-145 mEq/L
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What does sodium do? - ANSWER-regulates fluids, and
maintains neuromuscular irritability for conduction of nerve
impulses
What are the clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia (4
C's) - ANSWER-confusion, convulsion, cerebral hemorrhage, and
coma
what causes hypernatremia? - ANSWER-1- inadequate free water
intake (elderly)
2- inappropriate hypertonic solution (3% and 5% NS)
3- over secretion of aldosterone
how is fluid balance restored with hypernatremia? - ANSWER-
water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular
space
What happens to the brain with hypernatremia? - ANSWER-blood
vessels pull water out of brain cells causing the brain cells to
NURS 611 EXAM 1 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY) NEWEST 2025/2026 NEWEST
ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+|
What is oncotic pressure? - ANSWER-aka colloidal osmotic
pressure- it is pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in
the blood vessels plasma that tends to pull water into the
circulatory system
explain how fluid moves from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space. what is it influenced by>? - ANSWER-through
the arterial end of capillaries and the capillary hydrostatic
pressure being higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. It is
influenced by the cardiac system (think about the heart getting
fluids/nutrients where they need to go)
What are natriuretic peptides? - ANSWER-hormones
, Page |2
name 3 natriuretic peptides and what they produce by/ associated
with - ANSWER-1- Artial natriuetric peptide (ANP) produced by
the myocardia atria
2- brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) produced by the myocardia
ventricles
3- Urodilation within the kidney
what 2 things do natriuretic peptides affect? - ANSWER-decrease
BP and increase sodium and water excretion
what are natriuretic peptides an antagonist of? - ANSWER-the
RAAS system (weak antagonist)
What doe RAAS stand for? - ANSWER-renin angiotension-
aldosterone system
What is renin? - ANSWER-an enzyme secreted by the
juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney that promotes the production of
the protein angiotensin.
, Page |3
Explain RAAS - ANSWER-1- circulating blood volume/pressure is
reduced felt by the kidneys
2- renin is released in response to the sympathetic nerve
stimulation and decreased perfusion of the renal vasculature.
Angiotension I is converted into Angiotension II.
3- aldosterone is pumped out by the adrenal glans (main hormone
released to increase perfusion). aldosterone increased sodium
and therefore an increase in storage of water and increases BP
what causes the secretion of ADH and the feeling of thirst -
ANSWER-1- increase in the plasma osmolality (works with
sodium and is released by the posterior pituitary), conserves
waters.
Think hypovolemia after a stabbing (RASS and ADH work
together)
Normal range of sodium - ANSWER-135-145 mEq/L
, Page |4
What does sodium do? - ANSWER-regulates fluids, and
maintains neuromuscular irritability for conduction of nerve
impulses
What are the clinical manifestations of severe hypernatremia (4
C's) - ANSWER-confusion, convulsion, cerebral hemorrhage, and
coma
what causes hypernatremia? - ANSWER-1- inadequate free water
intake (elderly)
2- inappropriate hypertonic solution (3% and 5% NS)
3- over secretion of aldosterone
how is fluid balance restored with hypernatremia? - ANSWER-
water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular
space
What happens to the brain with hypernatremia? - ANSWER-blood
vessels pull water out of brain cells causing the brain cells to
