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BIOD 331 EXAM 2 NEWEST 2025/2026 NEWEST ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+|
What is gene amplification? - ANSWER-the unusual increase in
the number of copies of a certain gene
For instance, the ________ gene is amplified in many breast
cancers - ANSWER-HER-2/neu
____ ____ genes slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or
tell cells when to die - ANSWER-Tumor suppressor
Give 2 examples of a tumor suppressor gene. - ANSWER-1.
BRCA1 (breast cancer type 1)
2. TP53 (lung, breast, and colon cancer)
Genes that increase susceptibility to cancer include these 6
things: - ANSWER-1. defects in DNA repair mechanisms
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2. defects in growth factor signaling pathways 3. evasion of
apoptosis
4. avoidance of cellular senescence
5. development of sustained angiogenesis
6. metastasis and invasion
__________ is when cells stop dividing in response to DNA
damage - ANSWER-Cellular senescence
What is angiogenesis? - ANSWER-Development of new blood
vessels
The process by which carcinogenic (cancer-causing) agents
cause normal cells to become cancerous is thought to be a
multistep process divided into three stages: - ANSWER-1.
initiation
2. promotion
3. progression
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_______ involves the exposure of cells to a carcinogenic agent
that makes them vulnerable to cancer transformation - ANSWER-
Initiation
________ allows for the abundant growth of cells, usually
triggered by multiple growth factors or chemicals - ANSWER-
Promotion
If you remove a promoter substance, what happens? - ANSWER-
The abundant growth of cells is reversible
What is progression? - ANSWER-occurs when a tumor cell
becomes malignant
What are the risk factors related to cancer? - ANSWER-1.
heredity 2. hormonal factors 3. obesity, 4. immunologic
mechanisms 5. environmental agents 6. chemicals 7. radiation 8.
cancer-causing viruses.
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Obesity is associated with insulin ________ and ________, both
of which can have a carcinogenic effect - ANSWER-Resistance
and production
What are some protective mechanisms that the body's immune
system has? (5) - ANSWER-1. T-lymphocytes
2. B-lymphocytes
3. antibodies
4. Macrophages
5. Natural killer cells
What T-cell signal the presence of and then eliminates cancer
cells? - ANSWER-CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
What T-cell is involved in the detection of cancerous cells? -
ANSWER-CD4+ helper T cells
What is a carcinogen? - ANSWER-An agent capable of causing
cancer
BIOD 331 EXAM 2 NEWEST 2025/2026 NEWEST ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+|
What is gene amplification? - ANSWER-the unusual increase in
the number of copies of a certain gene
For instance, the ________ gene is amplified in many breast
cancers - ANSWER-HER-2/neu
____ ____ genes slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or
tell cells when to die - ANSWER-Tumor suppressor
Give 2 examples of a tumor suppressor gene. - ANSWER-1.
BRCA1 (breast cancer type 1)
2. TP53 (lung, breast, and colon cancer)
Genes that increase susceptibility to cancer include these 6
things: - ANSWER-1. defects in DNA repair mechanisms
, Page |2
2. defects in growth factor signaling pathways 3. evasion of
apoptosis
4. avoidance of cellular senescence
5. development of sustained angiogenesis
6. metastasis and invasion
__________ is when cells stop dividing in response to DNA
damage - ANSWER-Cellular senescence
What is angiogenesis? - ANSWER-Development of new blood
vessels
The process by which carcinogenic (cancer-causing) agents
cause normal cells to become cancerous is thought to be a
multistep process divided into three stages: - ANSWER-1.
initiation
2. promotion
3. progression
, Page |3
_______ involves the exposure of cells to a carcinogenic agent
that makes them vulnerable to cancer transformation - ANSWER-
Initiation
________ allows for the abundant growth of cells, usually
triggered by multiple growth factors or chemicals - ANSWER-
Promotion
If you remove a promoter substance, what happens? - ANSWER-
The abundant growth of cells is reversible
What is progression? - ANSWER-occurs when a tumor cell
becomes malignant
What are the risk factors related to cancer? - ANSWER-1.
heredity 2. hormonal factors 3. obesity, 4. immunologic
mechanisms 5. environmental agents 6. chemicals 7. radiation 8.
cancer-causing viruses.
, Page |4
Obesity is associated with insulin ________ and ________, both
of which can have a carcinogenic effect - ANSWER-Resistance
and production
What are some protective mechanisms that the body's immune
system has? (5) - ANSWER-1. T-lymphocytes
2. B-lymphocytes
3. antibodies
4. Macrophages
5. Natural killer cells
What T-cell signal the presence of and then eliminates cancer
cells? - ANSWER-CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
What T-cell is involved in the detection of cancerous cells? -
ANSWER-CD4+ helper T cells
What is a carcinogen? - ANSWER-An agent capable of causing
cancer
