Page |1
BIOD 331 EXAM 1 NEWEST 2025/2026 NEWEST ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+|
What is secondary active transport? - ANSWER-Energy is derived
from the primary active transport of one substance, usually
sodium, for the cotransport of a second substance
What develops when sodium leaves the cell by primary active
transport? - ANSWER-A concentration gradient.
What are the two groups of secondary active transport? -
ANSWER-Cotransport and counter transport
What is cotransport? - ANSWER-Cotransport or symport systems
consist of sodium ions and the solute being transported in the
same direction. An example of cotransport occurs in the intestine
in which the absorption of glucose and amino acids is paired with
sodium transport.
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What is counter transport? - ANSWER-Counter-transport or
antiport systems has sodium ions and the solute being
transported in the opposite direction
What are membrane potentials? - ANSWER-Membrane potentials
are the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a
cell. They are needed to generate nerve impulses or action
potentials and muscular contractions. In other cells, changes in
the membrane potential can cause hormone secretion.
What is epithelial tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Epithelial tissue: covers body's outer surface, lines inner surfaces,
and forms glandular tissue. It is avascular and draws oxygen and
nutrients from capillaries of the connective tissue on which it
rests.
What is connective tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Connective tissue: produces extracellular matrix that supports and
holds tissues together. Two categories are connective tissue
proper (consisting of loose, adipose, reticular, and dense
connective tissues) and specialized connective tissue, which
includes cartilage and bone
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What is muscle tissue? - ANSWER-Muscle tissue: moves the
skeletal structures, pumps blood through the heart. Three types:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found
throughout body and used for communication between peripheral
tissues and central nervous system. Senses and moves about the
environment. Two types of cells: glial (supporting neurons) and
neurons (function in communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy is the
decrease of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in the mass of
pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse, nutritional or oxygen
deprivation, aging, diminished endocrine stimulation, or
denervation.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Hypertrophy is the increase of
the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of the
cells that comprise it. An increase of workload causes protein
BIOD 331 EXAM 1 NEWEST 2025/2026 NEWEST ACTUAL
EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS |ALREADY GRADED A+|
What is secondary active transport? - ANSWER-Energy is derived
from the primary active transport of one substance, usually
sodium, for the cotransport of a second substance
What develops when sodium leaves the cell by primary active
transport? - ANSWER-A concentration gradient.
What are the two groups of secondary active transport? -
ANSWER-Cotransport and counter transport
What is cotransport? - ANSWER-Cotransport or symport systems
consist of sodium ions and the solute being transported in the
same direction. An example of cotransport occurs in the intestine
in which the absorption of glucose and amino acids is paired with
sodium transport.
, Page |2
What is counter transport? - ANSWER-Counter-transport or
antiport systems has sodium ions and the solute being
transported in the opposite direction
What are membrane potentials? - ANSWER-Membrane potentials
are the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a
cell. They are needed to generate nerve impulses or action
potentials and muscular contractions. In other cells, changes in
the membrane potential can cause hormone secretion.
What is epithelial tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Epithelial tissue: covers body's outer surface, lines inner surfaces,
and forms glandular tissue. It is avascular and draws oxygen and
nutrients from capillaries of the connective tissue on which it
rests.
What is connective tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Connective tissue: produces extracellular matrix that supports and
holds tissues together. Two categories are connective tissue
proper (consisting of loose, adipose, reticular, and dense
connective tissues) and specialized connective tissue, which
includes cartilage and bone
, Page |3
What is muscle tissue? - ANSWER-Muscle tissue: moves the
skeletal structures, pumps blood through the heart. Three types:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
What is nervous tissue? - ANSWER-Nervous tissue: found
throughout body and used for communication between peripheral
tissues and central nervous system. Senses and moves about the
environment. Two types of cells: glial (supporting neurons) and
neurons (function in communication)
What is atrophy and what causes it? - ANSWER-Atrophy is the
decrease of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in the mass of
pre-existing cells. Can be caused by disuse, nutritional or oxygen
deprivation, aging, diminished endocrine stimulation, or
denervation.
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER-Hypertrophy is the increase of
the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of the
cells that comprise it. An increase of workload causes protein
