NURS 401- EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
Obj. 1 - Answers Hypertrophy - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging each
cell.
Hyperplasia - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing the number of cells.
Neoplasia - any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or
replacement of dead and damaged tissues.
Benign Tumor Cells - Answers (Looks like parent, small nucleus, tightly encapsulated)
-Continuous or inappropriate cell growth
Specific morphology
-Small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio
Specific differentiated functions
-Tight adherence
No migration
Orderly growth
Normal chromosomes(23 pairs)
Malignant/ Cancer Cells - Answers (small roud & doesnt look like parent cell, rapid cell growth,
nucleus LARGE, non adherence (Wonders), migrates, chromosome broken/aplopoid)
-Rapid or continuous cell division
Anaplasia (lose characteristic of parent cells or normal self)
-Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Specific functions lost
-Loose adherence
-Migration
No contact inhibition
-Abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy)
lost (<23), gained (>23), or broken
Obj 2. Identify cancer types for which primary prevention is possible - Answers involves avoiding
, exposure to known causes of cancer (tobacco, asbestos, eating healthy choices, inc fiber, high
sex partners, remove moles suspicious, sunscreen, taking vitamin D)... secondary is early
detection
Obj. 3 Compare the cancer development processes of initiation and promotion. - Answers
Initiation - Step 1 in carcinogenesis. Exposure to carcinogen which penetrates cell, damage DNA,
and change or mutate the cell. Irreversible, but only leads to cancer if cell division is not
impaired.
Promotion - enhancement of growth of initiated cell. Normal hormones and body proteins, like
insulin and estrogen, can cause altered cells to divide more frequently. Shortens the latency
period. (KNOW-shortened latency)
(Initation penetration cell & damaging DNA= mutating cell. Promotion- growth of
damaged/intiated cell. cause altertered cells to decide for frequently)
Cancer Development..
Progression & Metastasis - Answers Progression - increasing malignancy over time. To become
a health problem, tumor must develop it's own blood supply: TAF; less resemblance to original
initiator, increasing malignancy.
Metastasis - breaks away from primary location and establishing remote colonies
Metastasis stepwise progression - Answers Extension into surrounding tissues
Blood vessel penetration
Release of tumor cells
Invasion
Local seeding
Bloodborne metastasis
Lymphatic spread
Common sites of metastasis...
Breast, Lung & Colorectal - Answers *Breast- *Bone, *lung, liver, brain (BBLL)
Lung- *Brain, bone, liver, lymph nodes, pancreas (BBLLP)
Colorectal- *Liver, lymph nodes, (LL) adjacent structures
Common sites of metastasis...
Obj. 1 - Answers Hypertrophy - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging each
cell.
Hyperplasia - growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing the number of cells.
Neoplasia - any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or
replacement of dead and damaged tissues.
Benign Tumor Cells - Answers (Looks like parent, small nucleus, tightly encapsulated)
-Continuous or inappropriate cell growth
Specific morphology
-Small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio
Specific differentiated functions
-Tight adherence
No migration
Orderly growth
Normal chromosomes(23 pairs)
Malignant/ Cancer Cells - Answers (small roud & doesnt look like parent cell, rapid cell growth,
nucleus LARGE, non adherence (Wonders), migrates, chromosome broken/aplopoid)
-Rapid or continuous cell division
Anaplasia (lose characteristic of parent cells or normal self)
-Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Specific functions lost
-Loose adherence
-Migration
No contact inhibition
-Abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy)
lost (<23), gained (>23), or broken
Obj 2. Identify cancer types for which primary prevention is possible - Answers involves avoiding
, exposure to known causes of cancer (tobacco, asbestos, eating healthy choices, inc fiber, high
sex partners, remove moles suspicious, sunscreen, taking vitamin D)... secondary is early
detection
Obj. 3 Compare the cancer development processes of initiation and promotion. - Answers
Initiation - Step 1 in carcinogenesis. Exposure to carcinogen which penetrates cell, damage DNA,
and change or mutate the cell. Irreversible, but only leads to cancer if cell division is not
impaired.
Promotion - enhancement of growth of initiated cell. Normal hormones and body proteins, like
insulin and estrogen, can cause altered cells to divide more frequently. Shortens the latency
period. (KNOW-shortened latency)
(Initation penetration cell & damaging DNA= mutating cell. Promotion- growth of
damaged/intiated cell. cause altertered cells to decide for frequently)
Cancer Development..
Progression & Metastasis - Answers Progression - increasing malignancy over time. To become
a health problem, tumor must develop it's own blood supply: TAF; less resemblance to original
initiator, increasing malignancy.
Metastasis - breaks away from primary location and establishing remote colonies
Metastasis stepwise progression - Answers Extension into surrounding tissues
Blood vessel penetration
Release of tumor cells
Invasion
Local seeding
Bloodborne metastasis
Lymphatic spread
Common sites of metastasis...
Breast, Lung & Colorectal - Answers *Breast- *Bone, *lung, liver, brain (BBLL)
Lung- *Brain, bone, liver, lymph nodes, pancreas (BBLLP)
Colorectal- *Liver, lymph nodes, (LL) adjacent structures
Common sites of metastasis...
