ANP1105 - Midterm #1 questions well
answered
Mitochondria - correct answer ✔✔ Double-membrane structures; site of ATP synthesis;
powerhouse of cell
Ribosomes - correct answer ✔✔ Dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of
ribosomal RNA and protein; free or attached to rough ER; sites of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer ✔✔ Membranous system coiling through the
cytoplasm; externally studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins and phospholipids; these
proteins are bound in vesicles and sent to the Golgi apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer ✔✔ Membranous system of sacs and tubules;
free of ribosomes; site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification
Golgi Apparatus - correct answer ✔✔ A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles
close to the nucleus; packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion
Peroxisomes - correct answer ✔✔ Membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes; enzymes
break down toxic substances (i.e hydrogen peroxide)
Lysosomes - correct answer ✔✔ Sacs containing acid hydrolases; site of intracellular digestion
(i.e. digest bacteria, viruses and toxins)
Microtubules - correct answer ✔✔ Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins; support the
cell and give it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements; forms centrioles, cilia
and flagella; help with cell division; constantly growing, disassembling and reassembling
,Intermediate Filaments - correct answer ✔✔ Protein fibers, composition varies; resist
mechanical forces acting on the cell; found in cells that need sturdiness (keratin, collagen)
Microfilaments - correct answer ✔✔ Fine filaments composed of actin; involved in muscle
contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help form cell's cytoskeleton
Inclusions - correct answer ✔✔ Storage for nutrient, wastes, and cell products (i.e. glycogen
granules found in liver and muscle cells)
Nucleus - correct answer ✔✔ Largest organelle; surrounded by nuclear envelope; contain fluid
nucleoplasm, nucleoli and chromatin; control center of the cell; responsible for transmitting
genetic info and providing instructions for protein synthesis
Functions of Epithelia - correct answer ✔✔ Protection (mechanical, chemical, infectious) (skin),
absorptions (GI tract), filtration (kidneys), excretion (kidney), secretion (glands) and sensory
reception (taste buds)
5 Special Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue - correct answer ✔✔ 1. Polarity - apical and basal
surfaces; apical surface often specialized (i.e. cilia and microvilli); basal lamina acts as a selective
filter and as scaffolding
2. Specialized Contacts - cells are tightly bound together (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap
junctions)
3. Supported by Connective Tissue - basement membrane is composed of a basal lamina
(underlying supportive sheet of primarily glycoproteins) sitting on top of a reticular lamina
(network of collagen fibers); reinforces epithelial sheet, helps resist tearing and defines
epithelial boundary
4. Innervated but Avascular - epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood
vessels
5. Regeneration - able to reproduce rapidly b/c they're exposed to friction or damaged by
external environment
, 2 Criteria Used to Classify Epithelial Cells - correct answer ✔✔ Cell shape: squamous - flattened,
scale-like; cuboidal - boxlike, uniform; columnar - tall, column shaped
Layers: simples epithelia - single layer, found where absorption, secretion or filtration occur;
stratified epithelia - two or more layers, high -abrasion areas
Simple Squamous Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Single layer of flattened cells; diffusion,
filtration and secretion; found in kidneys, lungs, heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and
serosae
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Single layer of cuboidal cells; secretion and
absorption; found in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands and ovary
surface
Simple Columnar Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Single layer of tall cells; many have microvilli
or cilia; may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands; absorption and secretion; found in
digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts, small bronchi, uterine tubes and regions of the
uterus
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Single layer of cells of differing
heights (all touch basement mem., not all reach surface); may contain mucus-secreting cells and
bear cilia; secrete substances (particularly mucus); nonciliated in sperm-carrying ducts and
ducts of large glands; ciliated line trachea
Stratified Squamous Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and
metabolically active, surface cells are squamous; protects underlying tissues in areas subjected
to abrasion; linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina, skin
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Rare in the body; found in sweat and
mammary glands; has 2 layers of cuboidal cells
answered
Mitochondria - correct answer ✔✔ Double-membrane structures; site of ATP synthesis;
powerhouse of cell
Ribosomes - correct answer ✔✔ Dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of
ribosomal RNA and protein; free or attached to rough ER; sites of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer ✔✔ Membranous system coiling through the
cytoplasm; externally studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins and phospholipids; these
proteins are bound in vesicles and sent to the Golgi apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer ✔✔ Membranous system of sacs and tubules;
free of ribosomes; site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification
Golgi Apparatus - correct answer ✔✔ A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles
close to the nucleus; packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion
Peroxisomes - correct answer ✔✔ Membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes; enzymes
break down toxic substances (i.e hydrogen peroxide)
Lysosomes - correct answer ✔✔ Sacs containing acid hydrolases; site of intracellular digestion
(i.e. digest bacteria, viruses and toxins)
Microtubules - correct answer ✔✔ Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins; support the
cell and give it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements; forms centrioles, cilia
and flagella; help with cell division; constantly growing, disassembling and reassembling
,Intermediate Filaments - correct answer ✔✔ Protein fibers, composition varies; resist
mechanical forces acting on the cell; found in cells that need sturdiness (keratin, collagen)
Microfilaments - correct answer ✔✔ Fine filaments composed of actin; involved in muscle
contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help form cell's cytoskeleton
Inclusions - correct answer ✔✔ Storage for nutrient, wastes, and cell products (i.e. glycogen
granules found in liver and muscle cells)
Nucleus - correct answer ✔✔ Largest organelle; surrounded by nuclear envelope; contain fluid
nucleoplasm, nucleoli and chromatin; control center of the cell; responsible for transmitting
genetic info and providing instructions for protein synthesis
Functions of Epithelia - correct answer ✔✔ Protection (mechanical, chemical, infectious) (skin),
absorptions (GI tract), filtration (kidneys), excretion (kidney), secretion (glands) and sensory
reception (taste buds)
5 Special Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue - correct answer ✔✔ 1. Polarity - apical and basal
surfaces; apical surface often specialized (i.e. cilia and microvilli); basal lamina acts as a selective
filter and as scaffolding
2. Specialized Contacts - cells are tightly bound together (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap
junctions)
3. Supported by Connective Tissue - basement membrane is composed of a basal lamina
(underlying supportive sheet of primarily glycoproteins) sitting on top of a reticular lamina
(network of collagen fibers); reinforces epithelial sheet, helps resist tearing and defines
epithelial boundary
4. Innervated but Avascular - epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood
vessels
5. Regeneration - able to reproduce rapidly b/c they're exposed to friction or damaged by
external environment
, 2 Criteria Used to Classify Epithelial Cells - correct answer ✔✔ Cell shape: squamous - flattened,
scale-like; cuboidal - boxlike, uniform; columnar - tall, column shaped
Layers: simples epithelia - single layer, found where absorption, secretion or filtration occur;
stratified epithelia - two or more layers, high -abrasion areas
Simple Squamous Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Single layer of flattened cells; diffusion,
filtration and secretion; found in kidneys, lungs, heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and
serosae
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Single layer of cuboidal cells; secretion and
absorption; found in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands and ovary
surface
Simple Columnar Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Single layer of tall cells; many have microvilli
or cilia; may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands; absorption and secretion; found in
digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts, small bronchi, uterine tubes and regions of the
uterus
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Single layer of cells of differing
heights (all touch basement mem., not all reach surface); may contain mucus-secreting cells and
bear cilia; secrete substances (particularly mucus); nonciliated in sperm-carrying ducts and
ducts of large glands; ciliated line trachea
Stratified Squamous Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and
metabolically active, surface cells are squamous; protects underlying tissues in areas subjected
to abrasion; linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina, skin
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium - correct answer ✔✔ Rare in the body; found in sweat and
mammary glands; has 2 layers of cuboidal cells
