NUR 228: Diabetes Mellitus Patho
Glucose a simple carbohydrate
Monosaccharide a single sugar, the most basic form of carbohydrate
Bodys main source of energy glucose
What is glucose involved with cellular respiration
Where does glucose travel blood and diffuses across the cell membrane
How is glucose stored as glycogen in the liver by insulin
when glucose levels start to fall after a meal
When will the liver release glucose back
into circulation
Glycolisis glucose catabolism in the cells
What does glycolysis produce? 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and net gain of 2 ATP
Gluconeogenesis production of glucose from lactate and amino acids
glucose production from non-carbohydrate components in the mitochondria
Why is gluconeogenesis important in
starvation
Glycogenolysis in the presence of glucagon, glycogen is released, by the liver, as glucose
Glycogenesis production of glycogen, in the liver, when there is excess carbohydrates
the pancreas, and the liver after that
What is most important in glucose
concentration
What is broken down into glucose everything we ingest- carbs, lipids, proteins
at the cell glucose is most pften the final substance that enters and gets converted
Glucose is fuel to ATP, mammals, fetus
Glucose in plants made from CO2 and H2O, stored as starch
Glucose cannot diffuse across the cell membrane and must be transported via
How is glucose transported across the cell
protein carrier molecules through facilitated diffusion.
membrane?
Glucose moves down the concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.
What is the direction of glucose movement
during facilitated diffusion?
In the GI tract and renal tubules, glucose moves with active transport using sodium-
What is the exception to glucose transport glucose co-transport against the concentration gradient.
in the GI tract and renal tubules?
The rate of insulin secretion controls glucose utilization and increases glucose
What role does insulin play in glucose
diffusion across the cell membrane by 10x or more.
utilization?
What is facilitated diffusion in relation to Facilitated diffusion refers to the movement of glucose that is aided by insulin.
glucose?
Glucose is phosphorylated, allowing cells to 'capture' it, which is irreversible in most
What happens to glucose once it enters
cells.
the cell?
The liver, intestinal epithelium, and renal tubular epithelial cells are exceptions
Which cells are exceptions to the
where glucose phosphorylation can be reversible.
irreversible phosphorylation of glucose?
Insulin facilitates the diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane, enhancing
What is the significance of insulin in
glucose uptake by cells.
glucose transport?
glucose immediately used for energy
Energy production (where glucose is
phosphorylated
What is released/produced in glycolysis 2 molecules of ATP, 2 mics of pyruvate
when there us oxygen present, pyruvate enters the krebs cycle in the mitochondria
Krebs cycle/citric acid cyles (aerobic conditions)
What is pyruvate converted to in anaerobic lactic acid
conditions
1
, NUR 228: Diabetes Mellitus Patho
Last stage of cellular metabolism electron transport system/chain
Where are most ATP molecules produced electron transport system/chain
What allows glucose to enetr the cell Glut4
Exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes
Endocrine gland secretes hormones
What does the pancreas have exocrine and endocrine glands, islets of langerhans
Islets of langerhans alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, F (pp) cells
glucagon
Alpha cells of islets of langerhans produce
Beta cells of islets of langerhans produce insulin and amylin
gastrin and somatostatin
Delta cells of islets of langerhans produce
pancreatic polypeptide
F (PP) cells of islets of langerhans produce
What do the islets of langerhans regulate CHO, protein and fat metabolism
Insulin antagonist glucagon
decreased blood glucose levels
What is glucagon stimulated by (alpha
cells)
What acts in the liver to increase glucose alpha cells (glucagon)
What acts in satiety amylin
What does amylin do delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon secretion
increased blood glucose, parasympathetic nervous system, amino acids (leucine,
What is insulin secretion stimulated by arginine, lysine), GI hormones
What does insulin do with cell surface binds and activates cell surface receptors
receptors
What does insulin binding and activating promotes cellular uptake of glucose
cell surface receptors do
What does insulin binding and activating intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate and magnesium
cell surface receptors facilitate in
What kind of hormone is insulin? anabolic
Anabolic hormone glucose uptake, stimulates protein and fat synthesis, decreased blood glucose
What inhibits breakdown of fat insulin
decreased glucose synthesis
increased glycogen synthesis
Insulin in the liver increased lipid accumulation
increased inflammation
increased hunger
decreased hepatic glucose production
Insulin in the brain decreased lipoprotein production
increased glucose metabolism
increased glycogen synthesis
Insulin in the peripheral muscle increased muscle mass
increased mitochondrial dysfunction
increased glucose metabolism, increased lipogenesis, increased inflammation,
Insulin in the adipose tissue increased M2 to M1 macrophage switch, decreased lipolysis
2
Glucose a simple carbohydrate
Monosaccharide a single sugar, the most basic form of carbohydrate
Bodys main source of energy glucose
What is glucose involved with cellular respiration
Where does glucose travel blood and diffuses across the cell membrane
How is glucose stored as glycogen in the liver by insulin
when glucose levels start to fall after a meal
When will the liver release glucose back
into circulation
Glycolisis glucose catabolism in the cells
What does glycolysis produce? 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and net gain of 2 ATP
Gluconeogenesis production of glucose from lactate and amino acids
glucose production from non-carbohydrate components in the mitochondria
Why is gluconeogenesis important in
starvation
Glycogenolysis in the presence of glucagon, glycogen is released, by the liver, as glucose
Glycogenesis production of glycogen, in the liver, when there is excess carbohydrates
the pancreas, and the liver after that
What is most important in glucose
concentration
What is broken down into glucose everything we ingest- carbs, lipids, proteins
at the cell glucose is most pften the final substance that enters and gets converted
Glucose is fuel to ATP, mammals, fetus
Glucose in plants made from CO2 and H2O, stored as starch
Glucose cannot diffuse across the cell membrane and must be transported via
How is glucose transported across the cell
protein carrier molecules through facilitated diffusion.
membrane?
Glucose moves down the concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.
What is the direction of glucose movement
during facilitated diffusion?
In the GI tract and renal tubules, glucose moves with active transport using sodium-
What is the exception to glucose transport glucose co-transport against the concentration gradient.
in the GI tract and renal tubules?
The rate of insulin secretion controls glucose utilization and increases glucose
What role does insulin play in glucose
diffusion across the cell membrane by 10x or more.
utilization?
What is facilitated diffusion in relation to Facilitated diffusion refers to the movement of glucose that is aided by insulin.
glucose?
Glucose is phosphorylated, allowing cells to 'capture' it, which is irreversible in most
What happens to glucose once it enters
cells.
the cell?
The liver, intestinal epithelium, and renal tubular epithelial cells are exceptions
Which cells are exceptions to the
where glucose phosphorylation can be reversible.
irreversible phosphorylation of glucose?
Insulin facilitates the diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane, enhancing
What is the significance of insulin in
glucose uptake by cells.
glucose transport?
glucose immediately used for energy
Energy production (where glucose is
phosphorylated
What is released/produced in glycolysis 2 molecules of ATP, 2 mics of pyruvate
when there us oxygen present, pyruvate enters the krebs cycle in the mitochondria
Krebs cycle/citric acid cyles (aerobic conditions)
What is pyruvate converted to in anaerobic lactic acid
conditions
1
, NUR 228: Diabetes Mellitus Patho
Last stage of cellular metabolism electron transport system/chain
Where are most ATP molecules produced electron transport system/chain
What allows glucose to enetr the cell Glut4
Exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes
Endocrine gland secretes hormones
What does the pancreas have exocrine and endocrine glands, islets of langerhans
Islets of langerhans alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, F (pp) cells
glucagon
Alpha cells of islets of langerhans produce
Beta cells of islets of langerhans produce insulin and amylin
gastrin and somatostatin
Delta cells of islets of langerhans produce
pancreatic polypeptide
F (PP) cells of islets of langerhans produce
What do the islets of langerhans regulate CHO, protein and fat metabolism
Insulin antagonist glucagon
decreased blood glucose levels
What is glucagon stimulated by (alpha
cells)
What acts in the liver to increase glucose alpha cells (glucagon)
What acts in satiety amylin
What does amylin do delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon secretion
increased blood glucose, parasympathetic nervous system, amino acids (leucine,
What is insulin secretion stimulated by arginine, lysine), GI hormones
What does insulin do with cell surface binds and activates cell surface receptors
receptors
What does insulin binding and activating promotes cellular uptake of glucose
cell surface receptors do
What does insulin binding and activating intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate and magnesium
cell surface receptors facilitate in
What kind of hormone is insulin? anabolic
Anabolic hormone glucose uptake, stimulates protein and fat synthesis, decreased blood glucose
What inhibits breakdown of fat insulin
decreased glucose synthesis
increased glycogen synthesis
Insulin in the liver increased lipid accumulation
increased inflammation
increased hunger
decreased hepatic glucose production
Insulin in the brain decreased lipoprotein production
increased glucose metabolism
increased glycogen synthesis
Insulin in the peripheral muscle increased muscle mass
increased mitochondrial dysfunction
increased glucose metabolism, increased lipogenesis, increased inflammation,
Insulin in the adipose tissue increased M2 to M1 macrophage switch, decreased lipolysis
2
