Week 1: Introduction
Global governance..................................................................................................................................3
Mechanisms.......................................................................................................................................3
The Politics and Effectiveness of Global Governance.....................................................................4
Multilateralism...................................................................................................................................4
Systemic change.....................................................................................................................................5
Actors.....................................................................................................................................................6
Theories on global governance...............................................................................................................9
Realism...............................................................................................................................................9
Liberalism.........................................................................................................................................10
Social Constructivism........................................................................................................................10
Public administrative perspective.....................................................................................................11
Historical foundations UN system........................................................................................................14
United Nations......................................................................................................................................16
The UN charter.................................................................................................................................16
Organisation.....................................................................................................................................16
Theoretical perspectives on the UN.....................................................................................................21
UN institutions......................................................................................................................................22
Increasing economic interdependence.................................................................................................26
International actors in economic governance......................................................................................28
NGO..................................................................................................................................................31
Global expert professions.................................................................................................................32
Multinational Corporations..............................................................................................................32
The UN..............................................................................................................................................32
States................................................................................................................................................32
Theoretical perspectives on international economic governance........................................................33
Regional governance............................................................................................................................36
Theoretical perspectives on regional governance................................................................................37
The European Union.............................................................................................................................38
Integration process...........................................................................................................................38
European Council..............................................................................................................................40
Regional organisations.........................................................................................................................41
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)......................................................................................41
Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)..........................................................42
ASEAN...............................................................................................................................................43
, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.................................................................................................43
African Union....................................................................................................................................44
OAS...................................................................................................................................................45
NAFTA...............................................................................................................................................45
Mercosur..........................................................................................................................................46
International regimes...........................................................................................................................49
Theoretical perspectives...................................................................................................................50
Crystallisation points............................................................................................................................51
International conferences and summits...........................................................................................51
Epistemic communities.....................................................................................................................51
IGO at global and regional level........................................................................................................51
NGO..................................................................................................................................................51
Public-private partnerships and private initiatives...........................................................................51
Climate change.....................................................................................................................................52
Non-governmental organisations.........................................................................................................58
Amnesty international......................................................................................................................59
Theoretical perspectives on non-state actors...................................................................................60
Non-state actors...................................................................................................................................61
Private foundations..........................................................................................................................61
Multinational corporations...............................................................................................................62
Criminal and terrorist groups/networks...........................................................................................62
Transnational networks and coalitions.............................................................................................62
Experts and Epistemic Communities.................................................................................................62
Protecting human rights.......................................................................................................................63
International actors..........................................................................................................................64
NGOs and IGO...............................................................................................................................64
Processes of human rights governance................................................................................................66
In action............................................................................................................................................67
,Global governance
Collective efforts to identify, understand and address various issues in the world (p. 2)
Captures complexity actors to understand various problems and explain IOs
It goes beyond international law and organisations
Decoupling of forceful force and legitimacy
Multilateralism as a core strategy
Used to solve transboundary problem
Governance:
The sum of the ways many individuals, institutions and actors manage their common affairs.
It includes informal and formal processes and agreements.
It encompasses government as well as the other mechanisms.
Government Governance
Purposive behaviour, goal-oriented activities, Purposive behaviour, goal-oriented activities,
systems of rule systems of rule
Backed by formal authority Backed by shared goals
Police powers to ensure implementation Does not rely on policing to overcome defiance
Mechanisms
International structures and mechanisms E.g. IGOs and NGOs
International Rules and Law
Exists out of agreements
- Multilateral agreements
- Customary practices (important due to the long negotiation time)
- Judicial divisions
- Regulatory standards
Only apply to states
Absence of enforcement mechanism
- Noncompliance: Interest, efficiency, treaty ambiguity and lack of capabilities
- Compliance: Benefits of reciprocity
Peer pressure from NGOs and other actors
International Norms or soft law
The shared expectations of appropriate behaviour for various actors.
Includes nonbinding obligations for states.
Easier to negotiate, is more flexible and leaves the possibility for hard law open.
E.g. states carry out ratified treaties, combatants will not target civilians or UN resolutions
International Regimes and Regime complexes
International process and collection of rules
Three or more international regimes linked to a common subject
Individual IGOs do not constitute a regime and are more formal
States accept the legitimacy based on underlying norms and validity of decision making procedures
States expect that other states also comply and use dispute settlement procedures to resolve conflict
, Groups, Arrangements and Global Conferences
Often disappoint
- Outcome is the least common denominator of a large number of participants.
Private Governance
Authoritative decision making in areas where states have not acted.
E.g. credit rating groups.
Public-private partnerships
Major source of funding which changed ideas how and who development should be achieved
It mobilises knowledge and expertise to achieve policy objectives.
The Politics and Effectiveness of Global Governance
Concept
Power Linked to authority and legitimacy.
Authority Ability to induce respect in others. Social relationship based on acceptance of right
to rule and institutional, delegated, expert,
principles and capacity based
Legitimacy Belief that by an actor that a rule or Important part of legitimacy are flags and
institution ought to be obeyed. rituals.
Accountability Transparency is used to decide if the includes account-giving, reporting, measuring,
official acts in the public interest. justifying and explain actions
Effectiveness Goes beyond formal compliance.
Multilateralism
Key part of global governance
It is expected that the outcomes are reciprocal benefits over time
Coordinating relations among three or more states in accordance with certain principals
The more actors, the more interest and how more complex the diplomacy becomes
Requires active engagement of delegates to represent their position
Trust
- Allows them to build coalitions to leverage power and resources
- Also requires leadership skills and power to negotiate treaty text
- Need to agree on common positions and maintain cohesion
- Establishment requires personal relationships, face-to-face contact
Voting
One state, one-vote
Unanimous decision making
Based on population/wealth
Veto right of certain members
Consensus Lowest common denominator, requires leadership and
personal characteristics of actors
Global governance..................................................................................................................................3
Mechanisms.......................................................................................................................................3
The Politics and Effectiveness of Global Governance.....................................................................4
Multilateralism...................................................................................................................................4
Systemic change.....................................................................................................................................5
Actors.....................................................................................................................................................6
Theories on global governance...............................................................................................................9
Realism...............................................................................................................................................9
Liberalism.........................................................................................................................................10
Social Constructivism........................................................................................................................10
Public administrative perspective.....................................................................................................11
Historical foundations UN system........................................................................................................14
United Nations......................................................................................................................................16
The UN charter.................................................................................................................................16
Organisation.....................................................................................................................................16
Theoretical perspectives on the UN.....................................................................................................21
UN institutions......................................................................................................................................22
Increasing economic interdependence.................................................................................................26
International actors in economic governance......................................................................................28
NGO..................................................................................................................................................31
Global expert professions.................................................................................................................32
Multinational Corporations..............................................................................................................32
The UN..............................................................................................................................................32
States................................................................................................................................................32
Theoretical perspectives on international economic governance........................................................33
Regional governance............................................................................................................................36
Theoretical perspectives on regional governance................................................................................37
The European Union.............................................................................................................................38
Integration process...........................................................................................................................38
European Council..............................................................................................................................40
Regional organisations.........................................................................................................................41
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)......................................................................................41
Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)..........................................................42
ASEAN...............................................................................................................................................43
, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.................................................................................................43
African Union....................................................................................................................................44
OAS...................................................................................................................................................45
NAFTA...............................................................................................................................................45
Mercosur..........................................................................................................................................46
International regimes...........................................................................................................................49
Theoretical perspectives...................................................................................................................50
Crystallisation points............................................................................................................................51
International conferences and summits...........................................................................................51
Epistemic communities.....................................................................................................................51
IGO at global and regional level........................................................................................................51
NGO..................................................................................................................................................51
Public-private partnerships and private initiatives...........................................................................51
Climate change.....................................................................................................................................52
Non-governmental organisations.........................................................................................................58
Amnesty international......................................................................................................................59
Theoretical perspectives on non-state actors...................................................................................60
Non-state actors...................................................................................................................................61
Private foundations..........................................................................................................................61
Multinational corporations...............................................................................................................62
Criminal and terrorist groups/networks...........................................................................................62
Transnational networks and coalitions.............................................................................................62
Experts and Epistemic Communities.................................................................................................62
Protecting human rights.......................................................................................................................63
International actors..........................................................................................................................64
NGOs and IGO...............................................................................................................................64
Processes of human rights governance................................................................................................66
In action............................................................................................................................................67
,Global governance
Collective efforts to identify, understand and address various issues in the world (p. 2)
Captures complexity actors to understand various problems and explain IOs
It goes beyond international law and organisations
Decoupling of forceful force and legitimacy
Multilateralism as a core strategy
Used to solve transboundary problem
Governance:
The sum of the ways many individuals, institutions and actors manage their common affairs.
It includes informal and formal processes and agreements.
It encompasses government as well as the other mechanisms.
Government Governance
Purposive behaviour, goal-oriented activities, Purposive behaviour, goal-oriented activities,
systems of rule systems of rule
Backed by formal authority Backed by shared goals
Police powers to ensure implementation Does not rely on policing to overcome defiance
Mechanisms
International structures and mechanisms E.g. IGOs and NGOs
International Rules and Law
Exists out of agreements
- Multilateral agreements
- Customary practices (important due to the long negotiation time)
- Judicial divisions
- Regulatory standards
Only apply to states
Absence of enforcement mechanism
- Noncompliance: Interest, efficiency, treaty ambiguity and lack of capabilities
- Compliance: Benefits of reciprocity
Peer pressure from NGOs and other actors
International Norms or soft law
The shared expectations of appropriate behaviour for various actors.
Includes nonbinding obligations for states.
Easier to negotiate, is more flexible and leaves the possibility for hard law open.
E.g. states carry out ratified treaties, combatants will not target civilians or UN resolutions
International Regimes and Regime complexes
International process and collection of rules
Three or more international regimes linked to a common subject
Individual IGOs do not constitute a regime and are more formal
States accept the legitimacy based on underlying norms and validity of decision making procedures
States expect that other states also comply and use dispute settlement procedures to resolve conflict
, Groups, Arrangements and Global Conferences
Often disappoint
- Outcome is the least common denominator of a large number of participants.
Private Governance
Authoritative decision making in areas where states have not acted.
E.g. credit rating groups.
Public-private partnerships
Major source of funding which changed ideas how and who development should be achieved
It mobilises knowledge and expertise to achieve policy objectives.
The Politics and Effectiveness of Global Governance
Concept
Power Linked to authority and legitimacy.
Authority Ability to induce respect in others. Social relationship based on acceptance of right
to rule and institutional, delegated, expert,
principles and capacity based
Legitimacy Belief that by an actor that a rule or Important part of legitimacy are flags and
institution ought to be obeyed. rituals.
Accountability Transparency is used to decide if the includes account-giving, reporting, measuring,
official acts in the public interest. justifying and explain actions
Effectiveness Goes beyond formal compliance.
Multilateralism
Key part of global governance
It is expected that the outcomes are reciprocal benefits over time
Coordinating relations among three or more states in accordance with certain principals
The more actors, the more interest and how more complex the diplomacy becomes
Requires active engagement of delegates to represent their position
Trust
- Allows them to build coalitions to leverage power and resources
- Also requires leadership skills and power to negotiate treaty text
- Need to agree on common positions and maintain cohesion
- Establishment requires personal relationships, face-to-face contact
Voting
One state, one-vote
Unanimous decision making
Based on population/wealth
Veto right of certain members
Consensus Lowest common denominator, requires leadership and
personal characteristics of actors
