Earth Science Study Guide 2025 – Complete
Review & Answers
Lithosphere
- CORRECT ANSWER -The outer shell of the Earth consisting of the crust and uppermost
portion of the mantle.
Hydrosphere
- CORRECT ANSWER -water in the earth system-gaseous (water vapor), solid (snow and
ice) and liquid (rain and water); one of the four spheres of the Earth system
Atmosphere
- CORRECT ANSWER -The gaseous envelope of air surrounding Earth, made up of a
mixture of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and 1 percent other gases and
water vapors, one of the four spheres of the Earth system
Troposphere
- CORRECT ANSWER -The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere characterized by decreasing
temperature with altitude.
,Longitude (meridians)
- CORRECT ANSWER -Angular distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.
Latitude
- CORRECT ANSWER -Angular distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
equator
- CORRECT ANSWER -imaginary line that circles Earth halfway between the North and
South Poles
Contour Lines
- CORRECT ANSWER -Isoline on a map that connects places with the same elevation and
shows the shape of the land
Contour Interval
- CORRECT ANSWER -Difference in height between two adjacent contour lines
Topographic Map
- CORRECT ANSWER -Map that shows the shape of the land using contour lines; a map
showing an elevation field
, Minerals
- CORRECT ANSWER -Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a distinct chemical
composition and crystalline structure
Luster
- CORRECT ANSWER -Property of a mineral that describes quality or appearance of light
reflected from its surface
Streak
- CORRECT ANSWER -Property of mineral that describes its color in powdered form
Crystal structure
- CORRECT ANSWER -Internal arrangement of atoms
Hardness
- CORRECT ANSWER -Resistance of a mineral to scratching
Review & Answers
Lithosphere
- CORRECT ANSWER -The outer shell of the Earth consisting of the crust and uppermost
portion of the mantle.
Hydrosphere
- CORRECT ANSWER -water in the earth system-gaseous (water vapor), solid (snow and
ice) and liquid (rain and water); one of the four spheres of the Earth system
Atmosphere
- CORRECT ANSWER -The gaseous envelope of air surrounding Earth, made up of a
mixture of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and 1 percent other gases and
water vapors, one of the four spheres of the Earth system
Troposphere
- CORRECT ANSWER -The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere characterized by decreasing
temperature with altitude.
,Longitude (meridians)
- CORRECT ANSWER -Angular distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.
Latitude
- CORRECT ANSWER -Angular distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
equator
- CORRECT ANSWER -imaginary line that circles Earth halfway between the North and
South Poles
Contour Lines
- CORRECT ANSWER -Isoline on a map that connects places with the same elevation and
shows the shape of the land
Contour Interval
- CORRECT ANSWER -Difference in height between two adjacent contour lines
Topographic Map
- CORRECT ANSWER -Map that shows the shape of the land using contour lines; a map
showing an elevation field
, Minerals
- CORRECT ANSWER -Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a distinct chemical
composition and crystalline structure
Luster
- CORRECT ANSWER -Property of a mineral that describes quality or appearance of light
reflected from its surface
Streak
- CORRECT ANSWER -Property of mineral that describes its color in powdered form
Crystal structure
- CORRECT ANSWER -Internal arrangement of atoms
Hardness
- CORRECT ANSWER -Resistance of a mineral to scratching
