INDG 305 Week 10 Quiz – Treaties in Canada | Attawapiskat First Nation, Treaty 9 Violations & Indigenous Housing Crisis (SFU Course Material)

Which Treaty does the Attawapiskat First Nation fall under? In 2010, would $500,000 be enough to solve a housing crisis for several hundred people? Who should have compensated the community for the damage to their housing? What appears to be the issue with federal funding for Attawapiskat? What did the media fail to account for when reporting on band monies? Did third party management help the Attawapiskat housing crisis? Chief Spence’s state of emergency declaration coincided with which nation-wide Indigenous resistance movement? On the basis of the historical information provided so far, was “political correctness” the root cause of the housing crisis in Attawapiskat? What was the cause of the housing crisis? Do reserves receive special housing because of the distinct relationship between Indians and the Crown? Who receives more funding per year for social funding and infrastructure? Is it likely that Duncan, after 1 Royal Commission Report, 2 United Nations Reports, and the declaration of states of emergency by Spence and other Indigenous political leaders, did not know about the “extent” of the housing crisis? Did the federal government adequately address the housing crisis on this reserve? How likely is it that this fine will enable the community to address their water issues? Is the province of Ontario also responsible for failing to honor the treaty promises?7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Week 10 Quiz Due Jul 21 at 11:59pm Points 5 Questions 20 Available until Aug 11 at 11:59pm Time Limit None Allowed Attempts 3 Instructions Attempt History Please watch the lecture before attempting this quiz. This quiz contains questions on the lecture topics. This quiz also includes questions that will introduce new information to you. These questions will be testing your reading comprehension. Test questions may include: multiple choice, true/false, matching, and fill in the blank questions. You can take this quiz up to 3 times. Your highest score from these tests will be recorded. This quiz includes material from the sources below. Works Cited Pasternak, Shiri. "The Fiscal Body of Sovereignty: To 'make Live' in Indian Country." Settler Colonial Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, 2016, pp. 317-338. Barrerra, Jorge. “Attawapiskat declares state of emergency over water quality.” July 9, 2019. CBC News. Accessed July 23, 2021. Barrerra, Jorge. “Shadows and Promises in Attawapiskat.” March 19, 2018. CBC News. Accessed July 23, 2021. 1.4582905 ( Burnett, Kristin, et al. ““A Tragedy to be Sure”: Heteropatriarchy, Historical Amnesia, and Housing Crises in Northern Ontario.” Understanding Atrocities : Remembering, Representing, and Teaching Genocide. Edited by Scott W. Murray. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, 2017. pp. 145-168.7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Attempt Time Score KEPT Attempt 3 1 minute 4.75 out of 5 LATEST Attempt 3 1 minute 4.75 out of 5 Attempt 2 2 minutes 4.75 out of 5 Attempt 1 7 minutes 3 out of 5 Score for this attempt: 4.75 out of 5 Submitted Jul 22 at 2:28pm This attempt took 1 minute. Question 1 0.25 / 0.25 pts “The Attawapiskat First Nation is one of seven Mushkegowuk Cree communities near James Bay in northern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the west side of the bay in sub-Arctic territory, where temperatures drop to −40 to −50 below Celsius in the depths of winter. About 1800 band members live on the reserve where the existing housing stock is inadequate and badly weathered from sub-Arctic winds. The population at Attawapiskat has been growing steadily over the past decade and there are approximately 1000 people in need of homes" (Pasternak 319-320). Which Treaty does the Attawapiskat First Nation fall under? a. Treaty 3 b. Treaty 4 c. Treaty 6 Correct! Correct! d. Treaty 97/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Question 2 0.25 / 0.25 pts A year before Chief Theresa Spence’s hunger strike on Capitol hill, “Attawapiskat band members began requesting funds for construction materials from the federal Department of Aboriginal Affair” for housing (Pasternak 320). In the community at that time, “there were five families living in tents and hundreds more living in un-insulated, unsafe, unserviced dwellings with extreme overcrowding and health risks posed due to mold infestation” (320). After the federal government failed to respond, “Grand Chief Stan Louttit of the Mushkegowuk Council declared a state of emergency regarding housing on the Attawapiskat reserve” (320). A week later, the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs “agree[ed] to advance $500,000 to deal with the crisis” (320). In 2010, would $500,000 be enough to solve a housing crisis for several hundred people? a. Yes Correct! Correct! b. No Question 3 0.25 / 0.25 pts For context, it is important to note that “a multi-million dollar De Beers diamond mine operates 90 kilometers west of Attawapiskat reserve” (Pasternak 19). “In 2009, for the second time in four years, the Victor diamond mine nearby triggered sewage backups in the band’s fragile septic tank causing flooding in the community. The flooding forced almost 100 people out of their homes. Aboriginal Affairs refused to act when the flooding took place, so Attawapiskat was forced to pay for damages” (323). Both Aboriginal Affairs and De Beers “refused to shoulder costs for damages to Attawapiskat’s housing stock” (323).7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Who should have compensated the community for the damage to their housing? a. De Beers b. Aboriginal Affairs Correct! Correct! c. Both were responsible for compensating the community Question 4 0.25 / 0.25 pts As a result of the septic tank flooding, the Attawapiskat community had to pay for damages but did not have the funds to do so—they secured loans from the federal government to try to address the issue but these loans put them in debt (Pasternak 323). An audit of the bands’ funds revealed that from only “$3.6 million of Attawapiskat’s $6.85 million budget allocated by Aboriginal Affairs for housing had been spent on housing renovations” because the other half had to go towards addressing the outstanding debts the community had taken out to address the previous septic tank overflows caused by the De Beers mine. What appears to be the issue with federal funding for Attawapiskat? a. Band-aid efforts cannot address the scale of the problem b. Attawapiskat is caught in a debt cycle created by the lack of adequate funding c. The federal government would rather issue loans than increase funding to a livable amount7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Correct! Correct! d. All of the Above Question 5 0.25 / 0.25 pts This audit discovered that there had been poor book-keeping on the reserve—records were badly kept—but did not conclude that any funds had actually been mismanaged by the band (Pasternak 323). Nevertheless, both politicians and the media used this as an opportunity to discredit Chief Theresa Spence as evidence of corruption or misspending. In the National Post, Lorne Gunter argued that Chief Spence failed “to take ownership of her actions and accept responsibility for living conditions in Attawapiskat” (qtd. Hay, Burnett and Chambers 155-156). What did the media fail to account for when reporting on band monies? a. the outstanding issue of damages to houses because of the mine b. the community had been dealing with housing crisis for several decades c. government funds committed to housing were paying for federal neglect Correct! Correct! d. All of the above Question 6 0.25 / 0.25 pts In November of 2010, Chief Spence told Aboriginal Affairs that “the Ministry’s funds were insufficient and that the housing crisis was ongoing”7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada (Pasternak 320). Eventually, federal officials visited the reserve later that month and agreed that “immediate action” was required (320). The federal government “pledged funds to fix a limited number of homes and to install 22 modular housing unites” (320). However, the federal government’s condition for providing these funds to the community was that the community undergo “third party management” regarding the dispensation of these monies (321). Third party management “held up the installation of the modular homes Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development sent to provide housing relief in the community” and drew “$20,000 per month from the bands’ meager funds” (321). However, a year after "the imposition of third party management, the housing crisis persisted as harshly as ever at Attawapiskat, with all roads to negotiate via diplomatic channels seemingly closed” because the federal government stated that they had solved the issue and washed their hands of the problem (322). Did third party management help the Attawapiskat housing crisis? a. Yes Correct! Correct! b. No Question 7 0.25 / 0.25 pts In 2011, in response to the federal government’s imposition of third party management, Chief Spence travelled to Ottawa “where she addressed a special chiefs assembly; her address led to a spontaneous, supportive march to Parliament Hill. Fury over the government’s cruel response to an unfolding humanitarian crisis also provoked chiefs from reserves nationwide to threaten national oil pipeline blockades and other disruptions until the issue was resolved and the appointment of third party management revoked. The Attawapiskat band council also filed a motion for an interlocutory injunction seeking a declaration that the Minister appointed a third party manager for irrelevant and extraneous reasons, but the court denied the injunction” (Pasternak 322).7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada “One year after the imposition of third party management, the housing crisis persisted as harshly as ever at Attawapiskat, with all roads to negotiate via diplomatic channels seemingly closed. So on 11 December 2012, Chief Spence camped out on Victoria Island, fasting for 44-days” and declared a state of emergency on her reserve due to the housing crisis (Pasternak 322). At the same time a nation-wide Indigenous-led resistance movement began to support Chief Spence. Chief Spence’s state of emergency declaration coincided with which nation-wide Indigenous resistance movement? a. The Constitution Expression Correct! Correct! b. Idle No More c. Land Back Lane 1492 d. None of the above Question 8 0.25 / 0.25 pts In the National Post, Lorne Gunter wrote that “[although the situation is Attawapiskat was] a tragedy to be sure. . . political correctness is the root cause. It has paralyzed our political and bureaucratic establishments against taking the bold action necessary to give Aboriginal-Canadians a fresh start” (qtd. Hay, Burnett and Chambers 147). On the basis of the historical information provided so far, was “political correctness” the root cause of the housing crisis in Attawapiskat? a. Yes7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Correct! Correct! b. No Question 9 0.25 / 0.25 pts What was the cause of the housing crisis? a. Inadequate funding and federal support b. Problems resulting from an extractive industry c. The failure to implement Treaty 9 in the spirit of the treaty Correct! Correct! d. All of the Above Question 10 0.25 / 0.25 pts While some people believe that Indigenous peoples get “special treatment” from the government, they receive the same services on reserve for housing that people off reserve receive because “the federal funding that subsidizes poor and under-housed peoples on reserves comes from the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, which is the same institution that funds low-income housing off reserve’ (Hay, Burnett and Chambers 152). There is, however, a higher incidence of poverty on reserves than off-reserve due to high unemployment rates, low annual incomes, and high costs of living due to the remote location of some reserves. Do reserves receive special housing because of the distinct relationship between Indians and the Crown? A. Yes7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Correct! Correct! B. No In the North, the annual income for individual on reserves in the North is $16,160 per year but living costs in the North are significantly more for people on reserve than Canadians who live in cities or towns where there are larger population numbers, shipping routes, and supply chains (Hay, Burnett and Chambers 152). Due to the discrepancy between income and living costs, reserves often have less infrastructure than cities or towns, frequently lacking electricity, waste disposal systems, and other key services. As a result, the houses on reserves often are in disrepair. "Conditions of substandard housing, overcrowding, and homelessness are allowed to persist in northern First Nations because of commonly held, but patently false, beliefs that First Nations people get free housing on reserves" (Hay, Burnett and Chambers 152). Question 11 0.25 / 0.25 pts Federal, provincial, and municipal budgets allocate approximately “$24,000 per citizen to provide programs and infrastructure to Torontonians” (Hay, Burnett and Chambers 152). Indians on reserve, however, only receive funds from Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. In Attawapiskat, the band received money from AANDC that “amounted to $11,355” and, during Chief Spence’s tenure, the federal government also placed a cap on “program expenditure increases at 2% per year” (152). Who receives more funding per year for social funding and infrastructure? Correct! Correct! a. Torontonians b. Attawapiskat First Nations7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada c. They are equal after taxes Question 12 0.25 / 0.25 pts In 1996, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples reported that “onreserve housing was “in a bad state” across Canada, a report whose recommendations that Chrétien’s government virtually ignored (Hay, Burnett and Chambers 153). In 2004, a United Nations special rapporteur visited Attawapiskat “and expressed his concerns over the housing crisis in the community; he noted a prevalence of poverty, toxic living conditions, and government underfunding” (153). In 2007, this visit was followed up by another visit from a United Nations special rapporteur who “also commented on the conditions of overcrowding, inadequate housing, and the lack of basic services like water and sanitation” (153). On November 21, 2012, a member of Parliament for Timmins-James Bay, Charles Angus, “published an article and posted a video on YouTube showing a mother and her small children living in a shed in frigid temperatures, that housing conditions in Attawapiskat made headline news” (153). Three days later, “the Red Cross announced that it would be sending a team to conduct a needs assessment in the community” (153). John Duncan, Minister of Aboriginal Affairs, “claimed to have been unaware of the extent of the housing crisis” until this point (Hay, Burnett and Chambers 153). Is it likely that Duncan, after 1 Royal Commission Report, 2 United Nations Reports, and the declaration of states of emergency by Spence and other Indigenous political leaders, did not know about the “extent” of the housing crisis? a. Yes Correct! Correct! b. No, it is incredibly unlikely7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Question 13 0.25 / 0.25 pts In 2018, the CBC reported that since Idle No More Attawapiskat received “50 new housing units” however the wait list for housing is still “300 families long” and there were only 16 new units in “various stages of construction.” Did the federal government adequately address the housing crisis on this reserve? a. Yes Correct! Correct! b. No Question 14 0.25 / 0.25 pts In 2016, there were a series of suicides by youth in Attawapiskat due to the extremely poor conditions on reserve, forcing the community to declare another state of emergency. In 2020, Attawapiskat declared a third state of emergency because of extremely poor water conditions due to mercury contamination from the De Beers mine. In 2021, De Beers has pled guilty for its failure to report mercury in its mining operations. CBC reports that De Beers “has agreed to post publicly on its website all past and future annual mercury monitoring reports. The company also agreed to pay a $100 fine and make a $50,000 donation to an agreed upon charity.” How likely is it that this fine will enable the community to address their water issues? a. Likely7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada b. Unlikely Correct! Correct! c. Extremely unlikely Question 15 0.25 / 0.25 pts Treaty 9 was the first treaty that involved the province of Ontario as a third signatory. In a presentation prepared by Grand Chief Dr. San Louttit, he notes that during the treaty making process the treaty document had been prepared well before hand by lawyers and experts and that there was no translation of Treaty 9 provided for signatories or documents left for their review. Is the province of Ontario also responsible for failing to honor the treaty promises? Correct! Correct! a. Yes b. No Question 16 0.25 / 0.25 pts7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Image pulled from ( This is an image taken from the website for the Crees and Mushkegowuk under Treaty 9. The purpose of Treaty 9 from the federal and provincial government’s perspective was the opening up of land to settlement but they assured treaty signatories that this process would in no way compromise the Indigenous signatories ability to hunt, fish, or live as they had been prior to confederation.7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Further oral promises included a “happiness and prosperity clause” that assured the Crees and Mushkegowuk was that they would have both happiness and prosperity, would not have to live on reserves, education would be provided for their children, and they would be able to continue pursuing their traditional livelihoods. Based on this historical information and the above image, do the Crees and Mushkegowuk believe that their oral promises are encompassed by the written document of Treaty 9? a. Yes Correct! Correct! b. No Question 17 0.25 / 0.25 pts Have promises in Treaty 9 for happiness and prosperity been implemented by the federal and provincial governments? a. Yes Correct! Correct! b. No Question 18 0.25 / 0.25 pts Have promises in Treaty 9 for the ability to continue hunting and fishing on the lands as before been respected by the federal and provincial governments? Consider the impact of environmental pollution on these traditional practices. a. Yes Correct! Correct! b. No7/22/23, 2:29 PM Week 10 Quiz: INDG305 OL01 Treaties in Canada Question 19 0 / 0.25 pts Have these governments provided education that served Indigenous communities within Treaty 9? Consider the history of residential schools in relation to this question. ou ou Answered Answered a. Yes orrect orrect Answer Answer b. No Question 20 0.25 / 0.25 pts Have these governments consistently abrogated and infringed upon Treaty 9 promises? Correct! Correct! a. Yes b. No Quiz Score: 4.75 out of 5