PSYC 140 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED ANSWERS. EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS.
Longitudinal study design - ANS following individuals over a long period of time with multiple
assessment points
cross-sectional study - ANS comparing different age groups at the same time
naturalistic observation - ANS research method in which one observes a subject outside of a
research setting
case study - ANS research method involving a direct observation of a patient; interviewing in
great detail
study/interview - ANS research method in which surveys administered anonymously or
asked in and interview format in-person
correlational research - ANS research method of seeing how two variables relate; looking at
strength and direction of relationship
experiments - ANS research method in which you tightly control the variables, setting, and
participants which manipulating one factor believed to have influence.
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,Hawthorne effect - ANS A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of
being studied
What are the five research methods discussed in this module? - ANS - naturalistic
observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
three types of prenatal diagnostic tests - ANS ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus
sampling (CVA)
ultrasound - ANS prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sounds to create an
image of the baby
amniocentesis - ANS Prenatal diagnostic technique involving needle puncture of the amniotic
sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities
chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - ANS Prenatal diagnostic technique in which a small sample
of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and
congenital defects in the fetus.
what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? - ANS passive, evocative, and
active
passive genotype-environment interaction - ANS parents provide genetic disposition and
nurturing context to foster certain qualities
evocative genotype-environment interaction - ANS parents provide genetic predisposition
for a child to evoke certain reactions in others that will influence their development
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,active genotype-environment interaction - ANS parents provide genetic predisposition that
results in a child actively seeking out environmental conditions that foster development of
certain qualities
three periods of neonatal development - ANS germinal, embryonic, and fetal
germinal period - ANS week 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
embryonic period - ANS week 2-8
layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
fetal period - ANS month 2-9
major growth and development
teratogens - ANS agents that interfere with natural growth and produce a birth defect
which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? - ANS - gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
When does organogenesis begin? - ANS Around week 3 through week 8
why is stress a teratogen? - ANS stress causes blood to be directed away from fetus and
towards mother's brain, limbs, heart. Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal HR
why is cognitive development more susceptible? - ANS brain develops all throughout
pregnancy
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, what are the three phases of childbirth? - ANS - early & active labor
- delivery of baby
- delivery of the placenta
early labor and active labor - ANS - longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
- 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
delivery of baby - ANS - begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs
delivery of placenta - ANS - 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
three drugs used in childbirth - ANS analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
Analgesia vs Anesthesia - ANS drugs that relieve pain; includes narcotics, tranquilizers, and
barbiturates
anesthesia - ANS drugs that blocks pain, can be general or epidural
oxytocics - ANS drugs that stimulate contractions and induce labor
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
AND DETAILED ANSWERS. EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS.
Longitudinal study design - ANS following individuals over a long period of time with multiple
assessment points
cross-sectional study - ANS comparing different age groups at the same time
naturalistic observation - ANS research method in which one observes a subject outside of a
research setting
case study - ANS research method involving a direct observation of a patient; interviewing in
great detail
study/interview - ANS research method in which surveys administered anonymously or
asked in and interview format in-person
correlational research - ANS research method of seeing how two variables relate; looking at
strength and direction of relationship
experiments - ANS research method in which you tightly control the variables, setting, and
participants which manipulating one factor believed to have influence.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Hawthorne effect - ANS A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of
being studied
What are the five research methods discussed in this module? - ANS - naturalistic
observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
three types of prenatal diagnostic tests - ANS ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus
sampling (CVA)
ultrasound - ANS prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sounds to create an
image of the baby
amniocentesis - ANS Prenatal diagnostic technique involving needle puncture of the amniotic
sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities
chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - ANS Prenatal diagnostic technique in which a small sample
of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and
congenital defects in the fetus.
what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? - ANS passive, evocative, and
active
passive genotype-environment interaction - ANS parents provide genetic disposition and
nurturing context to foster certain qualities
evocative genotype-environment interaction - ANS parents provide genetic predisposition
for a child to evoke certain reactions in others that will influence their development
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,active genotype-environment interaction - ANS parents provide genetic predisposition that
results in a child actively seeking out environmental conditions that foster development of
certain qualities
three periods of neonatal development - ANS germinal, embryonic, and fetal
germinal period - ANS week 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
embryonic period - ANS week 2-8
layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
fetal period - ANS month 2-9
major growth and development
teratogens - ANS agents that interfere with natural growth and produce a birth defect
which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? - ANS - gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
When does organogenesis begin? - ANS Around week 3 through week 8
why is stress a teratogen? - ANS stress causes blood to be directed away from fetus and
towards mother's brain, limbs, heart. Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal HR
why is cognitive development more susceptible? - ANS brain develops all throughout
pregnancy
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, what are the three phases of childbirth? - ANS - early & active labor
- delivery of baby
- delivery of the placenta
early labor and active labor - ANS - longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
- 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
delivery of baby - ANS - begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs
delivery of placenta - ANS - 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
three drugs used in childbirth - ANS analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
Analgesia vs Anesthesia - ANS drugs that relieve pain; includes narcotics, tranquilizers, and
barbiturates
anesthesia - ANS drugs that blocks pain, can be general or epidural
oxytocics - ANS drugs that stimulate contractions and induce labor
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
