1
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Advanced pathophysiology - NR 507
midterms Questions and Answers (100%
Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
1st line of immune protection [ ANS: ] physical, mechanical, and
biochemical
natural or innate protection - born with it
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constant, nonspecific, localized protection
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intact skin and mucus membranes as well as sweeping, flushing,
and peristaltic actions
secretions such as mucus, bile, tears, and urine provide
nonspecific protections
natural microbiome ("good" bacteria) - naturally occurring flora
also provide protection
2nd line of immune protection [ ANS: ] Inflammatory response
natural or innate protection - born with it
, 2
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immediate, nonspecific, localized protection at the site of invasion
when 1st line of protection breeched by injury or infection
includes white blood cells classified as phagocytes and other
chemical mediators
3rd line of immune protection [ ANS: ] lymphocyte production
adaptive or acquired immune protection - not born with it
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slow acting, specific, systemic response to back up 2nd line of
defense
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Specialized WBC: lymphocytes - T-cells and natural killer cells - as
well as other chemical components
lymphocyte cells involved in 2nd line of immune response [ ANS: ]
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, sometimes referred to as PMNs
(polymorphonuclear).
Monocytes which become macrophages when they're actively
involved in an immune response.
Mast cells which are a type of basophils that is typically not found
circulating in the bloodstream, but localized in our tissues.
chemical mediators [ ANS: ] histamine,
leukotrienes,
, 3
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interleukins,
interferons,
kinins,
prostaglandins,
and complement.
purposes of inflammatory response [ ANS: ] First of all, it walls off
the causative agent to restrict further tissue damage.
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Cells as well as chemicals released during the inflammatory
response act to destroy and remove the causative agent.
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These chemicals also stimulate and enhance further immune
response.
And finally, the inflammatory response will also promote healing
and the repair process.
2 types of inflammation [ ANS: ] Acute:
a short-term response associated with all types of tissue injury.
typically lasts less than two weeks.
Chronic:
his is long-term response associated with formation of scar tissue.
Chronic inflammation typically lasts more than two weeks.
, 4
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vascular response of acute inflammation [ ANS: ] Injury, or
infection, triggers mast cells that are located in our tissues,
particularly in our skin, in our respiratory and GI mucosa, to
degranulate. And release chemicals including histamine which
causes an immediate vascular response:
It triggers constriction of large vessel walls. That causes an
increased blood flow directed into the capillaries. That increased
flow of blood, which is also warm, causes the injured area to
become red and heat. And feel warm to the touch as well as
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possibly some itching at that inflammatory site.
Histamine also triggers dilation of capillaries, and we see
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endothelial cell retraction. The cells that make up the capillary
walls start to pull apart from each other as the capillaries dilate.
This creates little tiny openings in the capillary wall, increasing the
permeability, and fluid leakage can occur that results in our third
sign of inflammation, swelling or edema.
white blood cell response of acute inflammation [ ANS: ] mast
cells also release a number of other chemotactic factors that act
as signals to bring other white blood cells to the area to help
amplify increase this inflammatory response.
in addition to the chemicals that they release, mast cells also
contain enzymes that allow them to synthesize even more
chemical mediators from membrane phospholipids that are
released from damaged cells or even from the mast cell
membranes themselves. One of the key chemicals that is part of
the cell membrane is something called arachidonic acid.
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Advanced pathophysiology - NR 507
midterms Questions and Answers (100%
Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
1st line of immune protection [ ANS: ] physical, mechanical, and
biochemical
natural or innate protection - born with it
© 2025 Assignment Expert
constant, nonspecific, localized protection
Guru01 - Stuvia
intact skin and mucus membranes as well as sweeping, flushing,
and peristaltic actions
secretions such as mucus, bile, tears, and urine provide
nonspecific protections
natural microbiome ("good" bacteria) - naturally occurring flora
also provide protection
2nd line of immune protection [ ANS: ] Inflammatory response
natural or innate protection - born with it
, 2
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
immediate, nonspecific, localized protection at the site of invasion
when 1st line of protection breeched by injury or infection
includes white blood cells classified as phagocytes and other
chemical mediators
3rd line of immune protection [ ANS: ] lymphocyte production
adaptive or acquired immune protection - not born with it
© 2025 Assignment Expert
slow acting, specific, systemic response to back up 2nd line of
defense
Guru01 - Stuvia
Specialized WBC: lymphocytes - T-cells and natural killer cells - as
well as other chemical components
lymphocyte cells involved in 2nd line of immune response [ ANS: ]
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, sometimes referred to as PMNs
(polymorphonuclear).
Monocytes which become macrophages when they're actively
involved in an immune response.
Mast cells which are a type of basophils that is typically not found
circulating in the bloodstream, but localized in our tissues.
chemical mediators [ ANS: ] histamine,
leukotrienes,
, 3
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
interleukins,
interferons,
kinins,
prostaglandins,
and complement.
purposes of inflammatory response [ ANS: ] First of all, it walls off
the causative agent to restrict further tissue damage.
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Cells as well as chemicals released during the inflammatory
response act to destroy and remove the causative agent.
Guru01 - Stuvia
These chemicals also stimulate and enhance further immune
response.
And finally, the inflammatory response will also promote healing
and the repair process.
2 types of inflammation [ ANS: ] Acute:
a short-term response associated with all types of tissue injury.
typically lasts less than two weeks.
Chronic:
his is long-term response associated with formation of scar tissue.
Chronic inflammation typically lasts more than two weeks.
, 4
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
vascular response of acute inflammation [ ANS: ] Injury, or
infection, triggers mast cells that are located in our tissues,
particularly in our skin, in our respiratory and GI mucosa, to
degranulate. And release chemicals including histamine which
causes an immediate vascular response:
It triggers constriction of large vessel walls. That causes an
increased blood flow directed into the capillaries. That increased
flow of blood, which is also warm, causes the injured area to
become red and heat. And feel warm to the touch as well as
© 2025 Assignment Expert
possibly some itching at that inflammatory site.
Histamine also triggers dilation of capillaries, and we see
Guru01 - Stuvia
endothelial cell retraction. The cells that make up the capillary
walls start to pull apart from each other as the capillaries dilate.
This creates little tiny openings in the capillary wall, increasing the
permeability, and fluid leakage can occur that results in our third
sign of inflammation, swelling or edema.
white blood cell response of acute inflammation [ ANS: ] mast
cells also release a number of other chemotactic factors that act
as signals to bring other white blood cells to the area to help
amplify increase this inflammatory response.
in addition to the chemicals that they release, mast cells also
contain enzymes that allow them to synthesize even more
chemical mediators from membrane phospholipids that are
released from damaged cells or even from the mast cell
membranes themselves. One of the key chemicals that is part of
the cell membrane is something called arachidonic acid.
