NUR 422 Community Health Final Exam Qu
Correct Answers
Purpose cof cEpidemiology c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔To cprovide ca cbasis cfor cdeveloping cdisease cco
cfor cgroups cat crisk. cThis ctranslates cinto cdeveloping cmeasures cto cprevent cor ccontrol cdisease.
What cis cEpidemiology c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Relationships cmade cand camong cthe cvarious cbiolo
cphenomena cthat cunderlie chealth cand cillness
Both cin cthe cindividual cand cthe cpopulation
Looking cat cthe cpopulation ccan cpick cup cthings cwhich cmay cnot chave cbeen cnoticed cin can cindivid
cindividual coverall
Pneumococcal cVaccine
Zika cVirus c
Risk cFactors cfor cDisease
Yellow cFever cOutbreak cin cPhiladelphia
Definition c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔The cstudy cof cthe coccurrence cand cdistribution cof chealth-related
cpopulations, cincluding cthe cstudy cof cdeterminants cinfluencing csuch cstates cand capplication cof cth
chealth cproblem c(Porta, c2008, cp. c81).
Distribution: cfrequency cof coccurrences cof cstates cof chealth. cWho, cwhat, cwhen, chow cand cwhy c
Determinants: cagents cor cfactors cwhich ccontribute cto cthe ccause cof cdisease c/ chealth cand cwell cb
Population: cpeople cwith ccommon ccharacteristics
Burden cof cDisease c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Identifying cand cunderstanding cdeterminants cof chealth
ccauses cof chealth coutcomes. c
What care cthe chealth cfactors cthat ccontribute cto cthe chealth cand cillness cof cclients?
Why cdo csome cclients cfair cbetter cthan cothers cwith cthe csame cdisease cor ccondition?
Are cthere calternative cclinical cpractices cthat cmight cpositively cimpact cthe chealth cof cclients? c
What cit cdoes...
Study cnatural ccourse cof cdisease cfrom conset cto cresolution
Identify cpatterns cand ctrends cin coccurrence
Identify cthe ccauses/risk cof cdisease
Evaluate cthe ceffectiveness cof cmeasures cthat cprevent cand ctreat cdisease.
,cWorking cconditions
Web cof cCausation c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔The cinterrelationships cof cseveral cfactors cthat cprecipita
Causes cof ctuberculosis c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔
Zika cvirus c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔
web cof ccausation cfor cdiabetes c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔
ecologic cmodel c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Recognizes cmultiple cdeterminants cacting csynergistically.
cSpans cbroader cspectrum cthan cweb cof ccausation cand cencompasses cdeterminants cat cmany cle
cbehavioral, csocial cenvironmental cfactors cas cwell cas cpolicy, cculture, cand ceconomic cenvironmen
CRCCP
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/crccp/sem.htm
Natural chistory cof cdisease c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Descriptive
Epidemiologic cConcepts
Terms cto cknow!
Person, cPlace, cand cTime
Who cdevelops cthe chealth cproblem- cwho cis cat crisk?
Where cthe crates cof cthe chealth cproblem care cthe chighest cand clowest ccan cbe cdetermined cby cex
cplace
When chealth cproblems coccur
Short-term
Seasonal cor ccyclical
Long-term
Descriptive cEpidemiology c
http://www.med.uottawa.ca/sim/data/Epidemiology_rates_e.htm cRates
Risk
Relative cRisk
Probability can cevent cor coutcome cwill ccome cwithin ca cspecified ctime cframe
Rate: cMeasure cof cfrequency cof can cevent cor cdx cin ca cgiven ctime cframe
Risk cof cdeveloping cdisease cor cexperiencing can cevent cRELATIVE cto cthe cexposure
Exposed cgroup cverses cunexposed cgroup
Odds cRatio c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔It cis ca cmeasure cof ceffect
It cis cthe cmeasure cbetween cexposure cand coutcome ccompared cto cthe cgroup cwhich creceived cth
cwho cdid cnot
Relative cRisk cExample
Reyes cSyndrome c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔1980's c: cDeveloped cafter ckids chad cchicken cpox. c
So cthey crealized call cof cthem chad chad csome csort cof cviral cillness
Isolating cASA cas ca cpotential ccase cthey clooked cat cthose cwho chad cgiven ctheir cchild cASA cwere
cdevelop cReyes cthan cthose cwho cdid cnot creceive cASA.
Warning clabel con cthe cbottle.
Incidence c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Measures cthe coccurrence cof cnew cdisease.
cNew cdisease cevents
, cOr c
c553.8 c/100,000
Polio c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Polio chad cbeen caround cfor cmany cyears ccausing cparalysis cand cdea
cIn c1952 cabout c58,000 cnew ccases cand cin c1953 canother c35,000 chad csurpassed cthe cannual cra
cabout c20,000
cIn c1952, c3145 cpeople cdied cand cover c21,269 cwere cparalyzed c(mr.epidemiology,2012)
cThe cpolio cstory c- cthe cvaccine cthat cchanged cthe cworld c- con cyoutube
cVaccine cWar con cYoutube
The cvaccine c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Jonas cSalk: cFirst cvaccine cmade cfrom c"dead cvirus" c(attenua
cPerformed cone cof cthe clargest cepidemiologic cstudies clooking cat ckids cfrom cgrades c1-3, cusing c
c(relative crisk) cto cshow cthe cvaccine cworked, cwas csafe cand cmore ckids cdid cbetter cwith cit cthan c
cSecond cstudy cgave c2nd cgraders cvaccine cand cthe c1and c3 cgraders cwere ccontrol
c1.8 cmillion ckids cwere cstudied
The cEpidemiology c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔In cthe cfirst cstudy: cdid cit cwork?
c57 cconfirmed ccases cor c28/100,000 c(vaccine)
c142 cconfirmed ccases c71/100,000 c(no cvaccine)
cIn cthe csecond cstudy: cvaccine cvs. cno
c56 cconfirmed ccases cor c25/100,000
c391 cconfirmed ccases c54/100,000
Massive ccampaign cwas cstarted..... cMrepidemiology, c2012)
Polio cCampaign c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Everybody cwas cbecoming cvaccinated.
Massive cpublic cservice cannouncements.
Polio cStory c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gE4ef0yQZRU
Polio cEradication c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2S21_7Xr0w c
Vaccine cWar c
Vaccine cWar c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPOrnU3ImxI
Problems c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Cutter cLaboratories chad ca cproblem cwith cthe cmanufacturing cthe
call cthe cvaccine cwas cdead... ckids cwere cinfected cwith cpolio.
cFirst ctime cimmunization cwas cnot cgovernment ccontrolled cand cin cprivate clabs.
cProcess cwas cfixed cand cvaccine cresumed.
cEventually cled cto cthe cOral cVaccine cor cthe cSabin cwhich calthough cseemed csafer cas clife cand ch
ccould clead cto cactual cdisease ccontraction
cNow cback cto cthe cinactivated
Prevalence c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Measures cthe cexistence cof ccurrent cdisease
cProportion cof ctotal cpopulation cthat cis cdiseased.
cNumber cof cexisting ccases/Number cin cpopulation
cIncidence cx cDuration cof cillness
cEither cat ca cpoint cin ctime cor cduring ca cperiod cof ctime
cDefined cpopulation
cUsed cto cestimate cthe cneeds cof cmedical cfacilities c/resources cto ctreat.
cDisease cwith chigh cincidence cshould chave clow cprevalence cif crecover/die cquickly
cChronic cdisease cthe cprevalence cwill cbe chigher cthan cthe cincidence
cPrevalence crates cchange cslower
cHard cto cdetermine cwhen cthe cdisease cstarted clike cin casthma cor carthritis
Correct Answers
Purpose cof cEpidemiology c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔To cprovide ca cbasis cfor cdeveloping cdisease cco
cfor cgroups cat crisk. cThis ctranslates cinto cdeveloping cmeasures cto cprevent cor ccontrol cdisease.
What cis cEpidemiology c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Relationships cmade cand camong cthe cvarious cbiolo
cphenomena cthat cunderlie chealth cand cillness
Both cin cthe cindividual cand cthe cpopulation
Looking cat cthe cpopulation ccan cpick cup cthings cwhich cmay cnot chave cbeen cnoticed cin can cindivid
cindividual coverall
Pneumococcal cVaccine
Zika cVirus c
Risk cFactors cfor cDisease
Yellow cFever cOutbreak cin cPhiladelphia
Definition c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔The cstudy cof cthe coccurrence cand cdistribution cof chealth-related
cpopulations, cincluding cthe cstudy cof cdeterminants cinfluencing csuch cstates cand capplication cof cth
chealth cproblem c(Porta, c2008, cp. c81).
Distribution: cfrequency cof coccurrences cof cstates cof chealth. cWho, cwhat, cwhen, chow cand cwhy c
Determinants: cagents cor cfactors cwhich ccontribute cto cthe ccause cof cdisease c/ chealth cand cwell cb
Population: cpeople cwith ccommon ccharacteristics
Burden cof cDisease c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Identifying cand cunderstanding cdeterminants cof chealth
ccauses cof chealth coutcomes. c
What care cthe chealth cfactors cthat ccontribute cto cthe chealth cand cillness cof cclients?
Why cdo csome cclients cfair cbetter cthan cothers cwith cthe csame cdisease cor ccondition?
Are cthere calternative cclinical cpractices cthat cmight cpositively cimpact cthe chealth cof cclients? c
What cit cdoes...
Study cnatural ccourse cof cdisease cfrom conset cto cresolution
Identify cpatterns cand ctrends cin coccurrence
Identify cthe ccauses/risk cof cdisease
Evaluate cthe ceffectiveness cof cmeasures cthat cprevent cand ctreat cdisease.
,cWorking cconditions
Web cof cCausation c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔The cinterrelationships cof cseveral cfactors cthat cprecipita
Causes cof ctuberculosis c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔
Zika cvirus c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔
web cof ccausation cfor cdiabetes c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔
ecologic cmodel c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Recognizes cmultiple cdeterminants cacting csynergistically.
cSpans cbroader cspectrum cthan cweb cof ccausation cand cencompasses cdeterminants cat cmany cle
cbehavioral, csocial cenvironmental cfactors cas cwell cas cpolicy, cculture, cand ceconomic cenvironmen
CRCCP
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/crccp/sem.htm
Natural chistory cof cdisease c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Descriptive
Epidemiologic cConcepts
Terms cto cknow!
Person, cPlace, cand cTime
Who cdevelops cthe chealth cproblem- cwho cis cat crisk?
Where cthe crates cof cthe chealth cproblem care cthe chighest cand clowest ccan cbe cdetermined cby cex
cplace
When chealth cproblems coccur
Short-term
Seasonal cor ccyclical
Long-term
Descriptive cEpidemiology c
http://www.med.uottawa.ca/sim/data/Epidemiology_rates_e.htm cRates
Risk
Relative cRisk
Probability can cevent cor coutcome cwill ccome cwithin ca cspecified ctime cframe
Rate: cMeasure cof cfrequency cof can cevent cor cdx cin ca cgiven ctime cframe
Risk cof cdeveloping cdisease cor cexperiencing can cevent cRELATIVE cto cthe cexposure
Exposed cgroup cverses cunexposed cgroup
Odds cRatio c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔It cis ca cmeasure cof ceffect
It cis cthe cmeasure cbetween cexposure cand coutcome ccompared cto cthe cgroup cwhich creceived cth
cwho cdid cnot
Relative cRisk cExample
Reyes cSyndrome c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔1980's c: cDeveloped cafter ckids chad cchicken cpox. c
So cthey crealized call cof cthem chad chad csome csort cof cviral cillness
Isolating cASA cas ca cpotential ccase cthey clooked cat cthose cwho chad cgiven ctheir cchild cASA cwere
cdevelop cReyes cthan cthose cwho cdid cnot creceive cASA.
Warning clabel con cthe cbottle.
Incidence c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Measures cthe coccurrence cof cnew cdisease.
cNew cdisease cevents
, cOr c
c553.8 c/100,000
Polio c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Polio chad cbeen caround cfor cmany cyears ccausing cparalysis cand cdea
cIn c1952 cabout c58,000 cnew ccases cand cin c1953 canother c35,000 chad csurpassed cthe cannual cra
cabout c20,000
cIn c1952, c3145 cpeople cdied cand cover c21,269 cwere cparalyzed c(mr.epidemiology,2012)
cThe cpolio cstory c- cthe cvaccine cthat cchanged cthe cworld c- con cyoutube
cVaccine cWar con cYoutube
The cvaccine c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Jonas cSalk: cFirst cvaccine cmade cfrom c"dead cvirus" c(attenua
cPerformed cone cof cthe clargest cepidemiologic cstudies clooking cat ckids cfrom cgrades c1-3, cusing c
c(relative crisk) cto cshow cthe cvaccine cworked, cwas csafe cand cmore ckids cdid cbetter cwith cit cthan c
cSecond cstudy cgave c2nd cgraders cvaccine cand cthe c1and c3 cgraders cwere ccontrol
c1.8 cmillion ckids cwere cstudied
The cEpidemiology c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔In cthe cfirst cstudy: cdid cit cwork?
c57 cconfirmed ccases cor c28/100,000 c(vaccine)
c142 cconfirmed ccases c71/100,000 c(no cvaccine)
cIn cthe csecond cstudy: cvaccine cvs. cno
c56 cconfirmed ccases cor c25/100,000
c391 cconfirmed ccases c54/100,000
Massive ccampaign cwas cstarted..... cMrepidemiology, c2012)
Polio cCampaign c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Everybody cwas cbecoming cvaccinated.
Massive cpublic cservice cannouncements.
Polio cStory c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gE4ef0yQZRU
Polio cEradication c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2S21_7Xr0w c
Vaccine cWar c
Vaccine cWar c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPOrnU3ImxI
Problems c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Cutter cLaboratories chad ca cproblem cwith cthe cmanufacturing cthe
call cthe cvaccine cwas cdead... ckids cwere cinfected cwith cpolio.
cFirst ctime cimmunization cwas cnot cgovernment ccontrolled cand cin cprivate clabs.
cProcess cwas cfixed cand cvaccine cresumed.
cEventually cled cto cthe cOral cVaccine cor cthe cSabin cwhich calthough cseemed csafer cas clife cand ch
ccould clead cto cactual cdisease ccontraction
cNow cback cto cthe cinactivated
Prevalence c- cCORRECT cANS✔✔Measures cthe cexistence cof ccurrent cdisease
cProportion cof ctotal cpopulation cthat cis cdiseased.
cNumber cof cexisting ccases/Number cin cpopulation
cIncidence cx cDuration cof cillness
cEither cat ca cpoint cin ctime cor cduring ca cperiod cof ctime
cDefined cpopulation
cUsed cto cestimate cthe cneeds cof cmedical cfacilities c/resources cto ctreat.
cDisease cwith chigh cincidence cshould chave clow cprevalence cif crecover/die cquickly
cChronic cdisease cthe cprevalence cwill cbe chigher cthan cthe cincidence
cPrevalence crates cchange cslower
cHard cto cdetermine cwhen cthe cdisease cstarted clike cin casthma cor carthritis
