Edapt Review Questions for NR 507 Final Exam
Urinary System Pathologies: Common Diseases and Disorders:
Urinary Tract Infections
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Pregnancy is a risk factor the development of a UTI.
Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter urethra.
(True/False)
True. Women have a shorter urethra that puts them at higher risk for developing a UTI
A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:
Urgency.
Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary tract infection?
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
Increase water consumption. Water consumption prevents UTI as it keeps bacteria flushed
out of the urinary tract.
Uncomplicated UTI:
Occurs in the normal urinary tract
Responds well to a short course of antibiotic therapy
Simple cystitis in non-pregnant women without any urologic abnormalities
Complicated UTI:
A UTI that extends beyond the bladder
Caused by structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities or untreated UTI
Infants and older adults affected
Associated with: indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes, pregnancy
,UTI Clinical Application:
A 25-year-old female presents to the primary care office with urinary burning and frequency for
the last 3 days. She denies any fever, chills, back pain. Her gynecological history is negative and
reports no vaginal discharge. The only new information reported is that she recently had sexual
intercourse with a new male partner.
The NP obtains a urinalysis and determines that the urine contains leukocytes, RBCs, nitrites,
and WBCs. No casts are identified. Based on symptom presentation and UA results, the patient
can be diagnosed with:
Cystitis. The patient presents with a simple cystitis and treated appropriately. In addition,
although the patient has a new sexual partner with risk for a STI, the patient reports no
itching and/or vaginal discharge with odor. The NP would determine if a pelvic exam is
indicated at that visit to rule out an STI.
J.S. is an 80 -year-old patient who resides in a local nursing home. He recently became confused
and then fell while ambulating to the bathroom three days ago. Because of his confusion and fall,
he was transferred to the acute care facility for evaluation and treatment. Lab work revealed that
the patient was very dehydrated with hypernatremia identified and appropriate intravenous fluids
started. Cystitis was also identified from the urinalysis. He was also noted to have red and
excoriated skin between the buttocks and inner thighs due to urinary frequency and dribbling. To
help with skin healing and to prevent further urine leakage, an indwelling catheter was inserted.
Two days after the catheter was placed, the patient spiked a fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit
associated with shaking chills. An intense, foul odor was noted in the urine. On examination of
the flank area, the patient yelled out when touched. A urine culture was obtained and came back
positive for nitrites and RBCs. Urine microscopy revealed >100,000 WBC/hpf and casts.
Based on the information provided in the case, the patient can most likely be diagnosed with:
Pyelonephritis
Identify the major risk factor J.S. has that is associated with pyelonephritis:
Indwelling Foley catheter. The major risk factor for the development of pyelonephritis in
this patient is the indwelling Foley catheter. Flank pain, dehydration and fever are
symptoms rather than risk factors.
The urinalysis of a patient with a complicated UTI will show WBCs and casts. (True/False)
True. Casts are present in a complicated UTI.
The NP would know that the patient most likely has an uncomplicated UTI because:
,The UTI responds well to a short course of antibiotic therapy. An uncomplicated UTI
responds to a short course of antibiotic therapy. The other choices are not typical of an
uncomplicated UTI.
A 21-year-old patient reports to the primary care clinic complaining of urinary urgency,
frequency and burning. She also reports a small amount of vaginal discharge that contains an
odor. It is likely that the NP will perform a vaginal exam at this visit. (True/False)
True. Because of the vaginal discharge that contains an odor, the NP will most likely
perform a vaginal exam to rule out an STD.
Upon examination of a urinalysis, the NP can highly suspect that the causative bacteria are gram
negative because of the presence of:
Nitrites. The presence of nitrites indicates that the causative bacteria is gram-negative.
A common organism that causes a urinary tract infection include:
Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
There is a significant risk for men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to develop cellular
mutations that lead to prostate cancer. (True/False)
False. BPH does not lead to prostate cancer.
The purpose of straining in BPH is to overcome the obstruction encountered during urination.
(True/False)
True. The individual strains to overcome the obstruction to release the urine.
On a digital rectal exam to assess the quality of the prostate, the NP would be concerned with
which of the following findings?
A hard nodule. A hard nodule can indicate prostate cancer.
The peripheral zone of the prostate is the largest zone. (True/False)
True, Anatomically, the peripheral zone is the largest one.
The patient most often develops symptoms of BPH when:
The prostatic urethra becomes obstructed. The cause of symptoms of BPH relates to the
constriction of the prostatic urethra obstruction that affects that passage of urine.
Irritative BPH:
Urinary frequency
Nocturia
, Urgency that results from bladder hypertrophy and dysfunction
Obstructive BPH:
Incomplete emptying
Postvoid dribbling
These are cause by narrowing of the bladder neck and prostatic urethra which leads to
incomplete emptying of the bladder.
The location of the characteristic hyperplastic nodules of BPH is:
In the periurethral zone. Prostate nodules are usually located in the periurethral zone.
The prostate specific antigen (PSA) helps to liquefy semen post-ejaculation. (True/False)
True. The luminal cells produce PSA which helps to liquefy semen post-ejaculation.
The action of a 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor causes:
Shrinkage of the prostate gland. 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors shrink the size of the prostate
by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
The underlying cause of BPH is that normal prostate cells respond to increases in
dihydrotestosterone that causes them to live longer and multiply. (True/False)
True. The underlying cause of BPH is that normal prostate cells respond to increases in
dihydrotestosterone that causes them to live longer and multiply.
Men who have BPH are prone to developing a UTI because:
Stagnated urine in the bladder promotes bacterial growth. Stagnation of urine in the
bladder promotes bacterial growth which can lead to a UTI.
Renal Calculi
Renal stones are formed when calcium and oxalate in the urine combine. (True/False).
True. Stones form when calcium and oxalate in the urine combine.
Renal calculi are typically confined to the bladder. (True/False).
False. Renal calculi can be found in the ureter or bladder.
The gold standard for diagnosing a renal stone is a urinalysis. (True/False).
Urinary System Pathologies: Common Diseases and Disorders:
Urinary Tract Infections
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Pregnancy is a risk factor the development of a UTI.
Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter urethra.
(True/False)
True. Women have a shorter urethra that puts them at higher risk for developing a UTI
A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:
Urgency.
Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary tract infection?
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
Increase water consumption. Water consumption prevents UTI as it keeps bacteria flushed
out of the urinary tract.
Uncomplicated UTI:
Occurs in the normal urinary tract
Responds well to a short course of antibiotic therapy
Simple cystitis in non-pregnant women without any urologic abnormalities
Complicated UTI:
A UTI that extends beyond the bladder
Caused by structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities or untreated UTI
Infants and older adults affected
Associated with: indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes, pregnancy
,UTI Clinical Application:
A 25-year-old female presents to the primary care office with urinary burning and frequency for
the last 3 days. She denies any fever, chills, back pain. Her gynecological history is negative and
reports no vaginal discharge. The only new information reported is that she recently had sexual
intercourse with a new male partner.
The NP obtains a urinalysis and determines that the urine contains leukocytes, RBCs, nitrites,
and WBCs. No casts are identified. Based on symptom presentation and UA results, the patient
can be diagnosed with:
Cystitis. The patient presents with a simple cystitis and treated appropriately. In addition,
although the patient has a new sexual partner with risk for a STI, the patient reports no
itching and/or vaginal discharge with odor. The NP would determine if a pelvic exam is
indicated at that visit to rule out an STI.
J.S. is an 80 -year-old patient who resides in a local nursing home. He recently became confused
and then fell while ambulating to the bathroom three days ago. Because of his confusion and fall,
he was transferred to the acute care facility for evaluation and treatment. Lab work revealed that
the patient was very dehydrated with hypernatremia identified and appropriate intravenous fluids
started. Cystitis was also identified from the urinalysis. He was also noted to have red and
excoriated skin between the buttocks and inner thighs due to urinary frequency and dribbling. To
help with skin healing and to prevent further urine leakage, an indwelling catheter was inserted.
Two days after the catheter was placed, the patient spiked a fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit
associated with shaking chills. An intense, foul odor was noted in the urine. On examination of
the flank area, the patient yelled out when touched. A urine culture was obtained and came back
positive for nitrites and RBCs. Urine microscopy revealed >100,000 WBC/hpf and casts.
Based on the information provided in the case, the patient can most likely be diagnosed with:
Pyelonephritis
Identify the major risk factor J.S. has that is associated with pyelonephritis:
Indwelling Foley catheter. The major risk factor for the development of pyelonephritis in
this patient is the indwelling Foley catheter. Flank pain, dehydration and fever are
symptoms rather than risk factors.
The urinalysis of a patient with a complicated UTI will show WBCs and casts. (True/False)
True. Casts are present in a complicated UTI.
The NP would know that the patient most likely has an uncomplicated UTI because:
,The UTI responds well to a short course of antibiotic therapy. An uncomplicated UTI
responds to a short course of antibiotic therapy. The other choices are not typical of an
uncomplicated UTI.
A 21-year-old patient reports to the primary care clinic complaining of urinary urgency,
frequency and burning. She also reports a small amount of vaginal discharge that contains an
odor. It is likely that the NP will perform a vaginal exam at this visit. (True/False)
True. Because of the vaginal discharge that contains an odor, the NP will most likely
perform a vaginal exam to rule out an STD.
Upon examination of a urinalysis, the NP can highly suspect that the causative bacteria are gram
negative because of the presence of:
Nitrites. The presence of nitrites indicates that the causative bacteria is gram-negative.
A common organism that causes a urinary tract infection include:
Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
There is a significant risk for men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to develop cellular
mutations that lead to prostate cancer. (True/False)
False. BPH does not lead to prostate cancer.
The purpose of straining in BPH is to overcome the obstruction encountered during urination.
(True/False)
True. The individual strains to overcome the obstruction to release the urine.
On a digital rectal exam to assess the quality of the prostate, the NP would be concerned with
which of the following findings?
A hard nodule. A hard nodule can indicate prostate cancer.
The peripheral zone of the prostate is the largest zone. (True/False)
True, Anatomically, the peripheral zone is the largest one.
The patient most often develops symptoms of BPH when:
The prostatic urethra becomes obstructed. The cause of symptoms of BPH relates to the
constriction of the prostatic urethra obstruction that affects that passage of urine.
Irritative BPH:
Urinary frequency
Nocturia
, Urgency that results from bladder hypertrophy and dysfunction
Obstructive BPH:
Incomplete emptying
Postvoid dribbling
These are cause by narrowing of the bladder neck and prostatic urethra which leads to
incomplete emptying of the bladder.
The location of the characteristic hyperplastic nodules of BPH is:
In the periurethral zone. Prostate nodules are usually located in the periurethral zone.
The prostate specific antigen (PSA) helps to liquefy semen post-ejaculation. (True/False)
True. The luminal cells produce PSA which helps to liquefy semen post-ejaculation.
The action of a 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor causes:
Shrinkage of the prostate gland. 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors shrink the size of the prostate
by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
The underlying cause of BPH is that normal prostate cells respond to increases in
dihydrotestosterone that causes them to live longer and multiply. (True/False)
True. The underlying cause of BPH is that normal prostate cells respond to increases in
dihydrotestosterone that causes them to live longer and multiply.
Men who have BPH are prone to developing a UTI because:
Stagnated urine in the bladder promotes bacterial growth. Stagnation of urine in the
bladder promotes bacterial growth which can lead to a UTI.
Renal Calculi
Renal stones are formed when calcium and oxalate in the urine combine. (True/False).
True. Stones form when calcium and oxalate in the urine combine.
Renal calculi are typically confined to the bladder. (True/False).
False. Renal calculi can be found in the ureter or bladder.
The gold standard for diagnosing a renal stone is a urinalysis. (True/False).
