Inhoudsopgave
Case 1: What’s in your favorite snack?............................................................................................................... 4
Prediscussion ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Learning goals: .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Carbohydrates (Sugars) ................................................................................................................................. 4
Lipids (fats) ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Case 2: The most beautiful experiment in biology ........................................................................................... 11
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 11
Learning goals: ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 11
The composition and structure of DNA and RNA....................................................................................... 11
DNA replication .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Transcription................................................................................................................................................ 16
Pre-mRNA modification.............................................................................................................................. 18
Case 3: Lost in translation .................................................................................................................................. 20
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 20
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 20
Proteins ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
Ribosomes ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Translation ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Posttranslational modifications .................................................................................................................... 26
Protein degradation ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Case 4: Too much or too little ............................................................................................................................ 30
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 30
Learning goals ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Enzymes ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
Buffers ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Transport over cell membrane ..................................................................................................................... 35
Osmolarity and tonicity ............................................................................................................................... 36
Case 5 The cells inside......................................................................................................................................... 38
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 38
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 38
Cell organelles eukaryotes (animal cell) ...................................................................................................... 38
Types and functions of organelles (animal cell) .......................................................................................... 38
Types and functions of organelles (prokaryotic cell) .................................................................................. 47
Case 6: Where do the proteins end up? ............................................................................................................. 49
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 49
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 49
Protein structure........................................................................................................................................... 49
Protein folding ............................................................................................................................................. 50
Protein sorting ............................................................................................................................................. 52
Protein Transport ......................................................................................................................................... 52
1
, Diseases ....................................................................................................................................................... 57
Case 7: A little tale from long, long ago ............................................................................................................ 58
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 58
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 58
Origin of mitochondria ................................................................................................................................ 58
Mitochondria ............................................................................................................................................... 60
Cellular respiration ...................................................................................................................................... 61
DNP ............................................................................................................................................................. 69
Case 8: Ossobuco (histology) .............................................................................................................................. 70
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 70
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 71
The structure of the tissues (also organelles) ............................................................................................... 71
Epithelial tissue ........................................................................................................................................... 71
Connective tissue ......................................................................................................................................... 74
Muscle tissue ............................................................................................................................................... 75
Nervous tissue ............................................................................................................................................. 76
The differences in function between the types of tissues............................................................................. 79
Where the tissues are situated in the body ................................................................................................... 80
All the organ systems .................................................................................................................................. 81
Case 9: What language do cells speak? ............................................................................................................. 82
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 82
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 82
The Importance of Cell Signaling................................................................................................................ 82
Signal molecules and receptors ................................................................................................................... 82
The different types of cell communication .................................................................................................. 87
Case 10: The truth about cats and dog .............................................................................................................. 90
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 90
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 90
Different types of mutations ........................................................................................................................ 90
The causes of different kinds of mutations .................................................................................................. 92
What is phylogenetics .................................................................................................................................. 94
The methods used to make phylogenetic trees ............................................................................................ 94
Case 11: Comparing species, nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences ............................................. 96
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 96
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 96
What is Blast and the different types ........................................................................................................... 96
The differences between protein and DNA sequences ................................................................................ 97
How can the alignments be as perfect as possible (Scoring matrices and gap penalties for example) ........ 97
PAM and BLOSUM .................................................................................................................................... 99
Case 12: Listen to what Mendel had to say! ................................................................................................... 101
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................. 101
Postdiscussion ................................................................................................................................................ 101
What is Mendelian inheritance? ................................................................................................................ 101
What is polygenic inheritance and how does it affect the phenotype ........................................................ 103
How can you determine allele frequencies in populations?....................................................................... 104
Mechanisms of evolution........................................................................................................................... 106
Are dominant phenotypes more recurring in a population ........................................................................ 107
2
,Case 13: A fictitious scientific debate .............................................................................................................. 108
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................. 108
Postdiscussion ................................................................................................................................................ 108
Lamarck and Darwin theories .................................................................................................................... 108
Forming of new species ............................................................................................................................. 109
Epigenetics ................................................................................................................................................ 111
The Island theory ....................................................................................................................................... 112
What is horizontal gene transfer ................................................................................................................ 113
3
, Case 1: What’s in your favorite snack?
Prediscussion
Topic question= are all sugars and fats the same?
Learning goals:
• What different types of sugars and fats are there?
• What are the main functions of fats and sugars in the (human body)?
• What does the ringstructure of sugars look like? (glucose and fructose)
• How does the structure of (un)saturated fats look like? (Normanclature)
• What is the difference between natural and refined sugars and fats?
• How are sugars and fats digested? (moleculary)
• What enzymes play a role in the digestion of sugars and fats? (absorption in tissue)
• Difference between natural and refined sugars in absorption?
• What are essential and non-essential fats and sugars?
Keywords
Micells and chylomicrons
Resource of information
Introduction to general organic and biochemistry, Bettelheim
Canvas → Online modules →ub training
Postdiscussion
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Glucose/ 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane- Fructose/ N-
2,3,4,5-tetrol Glycoloylneuraminic acid
There are three types of sugar: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
(Examples are: glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose, cellulose and starch).
Carbohydrates (complex or simple sugars) are all metabolised in the body to the simplest
form, that is glucose. The primary function of glucose is to provide energy for the body's
activities.
4
Case 1: What’s in your favorite snack?............................................................................................................... 4
Prediscussion ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Learning goals: .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Carbohydrates (Sugars) ................................................................................................................................. 4
Lipids (fats) ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Case 2: The most beautiful experiment in biology ........................................................................................... 11
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 11
Learning goals: ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 11
The composition and structure of DNA and RNA....................................................................................... 11
DNA replication .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Transcription................................................................................................................................................ 16
Pre-mRNA modification.............................................................................................................................. 18
Case 3: Lost in translation .................................................................................................................................. 20
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 20
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 20
Proteins ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
Ribosomes ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Translation ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Posttranslational modifications .................................................................................................................... 26
Protein degradation ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Case 4: Too much or too little ............................................................................................................................ 30
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 30
Learning goals ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Enzymes ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
Buffers ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Transport over cell membrane ..................................................................................................................... 35
Osmolarity and tonicity ............................................................................................................................... 36
Case 5 The cells inside......................................................................................................................................... 38
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 38
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 38
Cell organelles eukaryotes (animal cell) ...................................................................................................... 38
Types and functions of organelles (animal cell) .......................................................................................... 38
Types and functions of organelles (prokaryotic cell) .................................................................................. 47
Case 6: Where do the proteins end up? ............................................................................................................. 49
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 49
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 49
Protein structure........................................................................................................................................... 49
Protein folding ............................................................................................................................................. 50
Protein sorting ............................................................................................................................................. 52
Protein Transport ......................................................................................................................................... 52
1
, Diseases ....................................................................................................................................................... 57
Case 7: A little tale from long, long ago ............................................................................................................ 58
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 58
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 58
Origin of mitochondria ................................................................................................................................ 58
Mitochondria ............................................................................................................................................... 60
Cellular respiration ...................................................................................................................................... 61
DNP ............................................................................................................................................................. 69
Case 8: Ossobuco (histology) .............................................................................................................................. 70
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 70
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 71
The structure of the tissues (also organelles) ............................................................................................... 71
Epithelial tissue ........................................................................................................................................... 71
Connective tissue ......................................................................................................................................... 74
Muscle tissue ............................................................................................................................................... 75
Nervous tissue ............................................................................................................................................. 76
The differences in function between the types of tissues............................................................................. 79
Where the tissues are situated in the body ................................................................................................... 80
All the organ systems .................................................................................................................................. 81
Case 9: What language do cells speak? ............................................................................................................. 82
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 82
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 82
The Importance of Cell Signaling................................................................................................................ 82
Signal molecules and receptors ................................................................................................................... 82
The different types of cell communication .................................................................................................. 87
Case 10: The truth about cats and dog .............................................................................................................. 90
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 90
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 90
Different types of mutations ........................................................................................................................ 90
The causes of different kinds of mutations .................................................................................................. 92
What is phylogenetics .................................................................................................................................. 94
The methods used to make phylogenetic trees ............................................................................................ 94
Case 11: Comparing species, nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences ............................................. 96
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................... 96
Postdiscussion .................................................................................................................................................. 96
What is Blast and the different types ........................................................................................................... 96
The differences between protein and DNA sequences ................................................................................ 97
How can the alignments be as perfect as possible (Scoring matrices and gap penalties for example) ........ 97
PAM and BLOSUM .................................................................................................................................... 99
Case 12: Listen to what Mendel had to say! ................................................................................................... 101
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................. 101
Postdiscussion ................................................................................................................................................ 101
What is Mendelian inheritance? ................................................................................................................ 101
What is polygenic inheritance and how does it affect the phenotype ........................................................ 103
How can you determine allele frequencies in populations?....................................................................... 104
Mechanisms of evolution........................................................................................................................... 106
Are dominant phenotypes more recurring in a population ........................................................................ 107
2
,Case 13: A fictitious scientific debate .............................................................................................................. 108
Prediscussion ................................................................................................................................................. 108
Postdiscussion ................................................................................................................................................ 108
Lamarck and Darwin theories .................................................................................................................... 108
Forming of new species ............................................................................................................................. 109
Epigenetics ................................................................................................................................................ 111
The Island theory ....................................................................................................................................... 112
What is horizontal gene transfer ................................................................................................................ 113
3
, Case 1: What’s in your favorite snack?
Prediscussion
Topic question= are all sugars and fats the same?
Learning goals:
• What different types of sugars and fats are there?
• What are the main functions of fats and sugars in the (human body)?
• What does the ringstructure of sugars look like? (glucose and fructose)
• How does the structure of (un)saturated fats look like? (Normanclature)
• What is the difference between natural and refined sugars and fats?
• How are sugars and fats digested? (moleculary)
• What enzymes play a role in the digestion of sugars and fats? (absorption in tissue)
• Difference between natural and refined sugars in absorption?
• What are essential and non-essential fats and sugars?
Keywords
Micells and chylomicrons
Resource of information
Introduction to general organic and biochemistry, Bettelheim
Canvas → Online modules →ub training
Postdiscussion
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Glucose/ 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane- Fructose/ N-
2,3,4,5-tetrol Glycoloylneuraminic acid
There are three types of sugar: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
(Examples are: glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose, cellulose and starch).
Carbohydrates (complex or simple sugars) are all metabolised in the body to the simplest
form, that is glucose. The primary function of glucose is to provide energy for the body's
activities.
4
