PSY 357 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest 2025
Mental operations - Answers cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas
Deductive reasoning - Answers drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal-
operational thought
Working memory - Answers type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored
briefly
Long-term memory - Answers permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity
Organization - Answers as applied to children's memory, a strategy in which information to be
remembered is structured so that related information is placed together
Cognitive self-regulation - Answers skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and
monitoring accurately; a characteristic of successful students
Emotional intelligence - Answers ability to use one's own and others' emotions effectively for
solving problems and living happily
Analytic ability - Answers in Sternberg's theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems
and generate different solutions
Creative ability - Answers in Sternberg's theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with
novel situations and problems
Practical ability - Answers in Sternberg's theory of intelligence, the ability to know which problem
solutions are likely to work
Mental age - Answers in intelligence testing, a measure of children's performance
corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child's
Intelligence quotient - Answers mathematical representation of how a person scores on an
intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score
Culture-fair intelligence tests - Answers intelligence tests devised using items common to many
cultures
Intellectual disability - Answers substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting
to an environment that emerge before the age of 18
Learning disability - Answers when a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at
least one academic subject
Word recognition - Answers the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters
Socialization - Answers teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture
, Authoritarian parenting - Answers style of parenting in which parents show high levels of control
and low levels of warmth toward their children
Authoritative parenting - Answers style of parenting in which parents use a moderate amount of
control and are warm and responsive to their children
Permissive parents - Answers style of parenting in which parents offer warmth and caring but
little control over their children
Uninvolved parents - Answers style of parenting in which parents provide neither warmth nor
control and minimize the time they spend with their children
Direct instruction - Answers telling a child what to do, when, and why
Counterimitation - Answers learning what should not be done by observing the behavior
Reinforcement - Answers consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be
repeated in the future
Punishment - Answers application of an aversive stimulus (e.g., a spanking) or removal of an
attractive stimulus (e.g., TV viewing)
Negative reinforcement trap - Answers unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to
discourage
Time-out - Answers punishment that involves removing children who are misbehaving from a
situation to a quiet, unstimulating environment
Joint custody - Answers custody agreement in which both parents retain legal custody of their
children following divorce
Blended family - Answers family consisting of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children
Ego resilience - Answers person's ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new
situations
Friendship - Answers voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking
Co-rumination - Answers conversations about one's personal problems, common among
adolescent girls
Clique - Answers small group of friends who are similar in age, sex, and race
Crowd - Answers large group including many cliques that have similar attitudes and values
Dominance hierarchy - Answers ordering of individuals within a group in which group members
with lower status defer to those with greater status
Mental operations - Answers cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas
Deductive reasoning - Answers drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal-
operational thought
Working memory - Answers type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored
briefly
Long-term memory - Answers permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity
Organization - Answers as applied to children's memory, a strategy in which information to be
remembered is structured so that related information is placed together
Cognitive self-regulation - Answers skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and
monitoring accurately; a characteristic of successful students
Emotional intelligence - Answers ability to use one's own and others' emotions effectively for
solving problems and living happily
Analytic ability - Answers in Sternberg's theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems
and generate different solutions
Creative ability - Answers in Sternberg's theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with
novel situations and problems
Practical ability - Answers in Sternberg's theory of intelligence, the ability to know which problem
solutions are likely to work
Mental age - Answers in intelligence testing, a measure of children's performance
corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child's
Intelligence quotient - Answers mathematical representation of how a person scores on an
intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score
Culture-fair intelligence tests - Answers intelligence tests devised using items common to many
cultures
Intellectual disability - Answers substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting
to an environment that emerge before the age of 18
Learning disability - Answers when a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at
least one academic subject
Word recognition - Answers the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters
Socialization - Answers teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture
, Authoritarian parenting - Answers style of parenting in which parents show high levels of control
and low levels of warmth toward their children
Authoritative parenting - Answers style of parenting in which parents use a moderate amount of
control and are warm and responsive to their children
Permissive parents - Answers style of parenting in which parents offer warmth and caring but
little control over their children
Uninvolved parents - Answers style of parenting in which parents provide neither warmth nor
control and minimize the time they spend with their children
Direct instruction - Answers telling a child what to do, when, and why
Counterimitation - Answers learning what should not be done by observing the behavior
Reinforcement - Answers consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be
repeated in the future
Punishment - Answers application of an aversive stimulus (e.g., a spanking) or removal of an
attractive stimulus (e.g., TV viewing)
Negative reinforcement trap - Answers unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to
discourage
Time-out - Answers punishment that involves removing children who are misbehaving from a
situation to a quiet, unstimulating environment
Joint custody - Answers custody agreement in which both parents retain legal custody of their
children following divorce
Blended family - Answers family consisting of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children
Ego resilience - Answers person's ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new
situations
Friendship - Answers voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking
Co-rumination - Answers conversations about one's personal problems, common among
adolescent girls
Clique - Answers small group of friends who are similar in age, sex, and race
Crowd - Answers large group including many cliques that have similar attitudes and values
Dominance hierarchy - Answers ordering of individuals within a group in which group members
with lower status defer to those with greater status
