, Chapter 1
Koch's postulates
- Causative microbe is always present in the infected and not in the healthy
- Microbe grown in lab
- Pure culture of microbe introduced to healthy subjects - they develop same disease
- Same microbe isolated from newly sick
People who discovered vaccines and antibiotics
- Lady mary montagu introduced partially dried out smallpox to healthy people
- Edward Jenner infected people with cowpox to prevent smallpox
- Joseph Lister developed an antiseptic to clean surgical instruments
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
Endosymbiosis theory
- Chloroplast and mitochondria originated from ancient bacteria
- Large ancient prokaryote > chloroplast and mitochondria
3 domains of life
- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Chapter 2
Brightfield Microscopy - how does it work
- Brightfield microscope : white light passes through sample, sample blocks light
- Two sets of lenses: Objective and Ocular
Staining types + why do we stain?
- Why?
- Most cells are relatively clear, difficult to see in brightfield
- Types:
- Simple : one stain is used to give cells a color
- Differential : different bacteria/structures have different color
- Negative: background is dark/stained, bacteria unstained
Fluorescence microscopy
- Fluorescence: object is hit with a wavelength of light, object emits a lower wavelength of light
- Excitation : specific wavelength that excites the electron of a molecule
- Emission: light released when electron decreases in energy
Chapter 3
Structure of the cell membrane
- Selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the bacterial cell
- Separates the cytoplasm from the outside
Different membrane lipids
- Phospholipids : two fatty acids + phosphate group
- Cardiolipin : double phospholipid found at the poles during starvation
- Lipid side chain : kinks in fatty acids make membrane more fluid
- Hopanoids : similar to cholesterol causes “stiffening” of membrane
Cell wall/peptidoglycan structure
- Peptidoglycan (sacculus) - single molecule that maintains the cell shape like chainmail
Koch's postulates
- Causative microbe is always present in the infected and not in the healthy
- Microbe grown in lab
- Pure culture of microbe introduced to healthy subjects - they develop same disease
- Same microbe isolated from newly sick
People who discovered vaccines and antibiotics
- Lady mary montagu introduced partially dried out smallpox to healthy people
- Edward Jenner infected people with cowpox to prevent smallpox
- Joseph Lister developed an antiseptic to clean surgical instruments
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
Endosymbiosis theory
- Chloroplast and mitochondria originated from ancient bacteria
- Large ancient prokaryote > chloroplast and mitochondria
3 domains of life
- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Chapter 2
Brightfield Microscopy - how does it work
- Brightfield microscope : white light passes through sample, sample blocks light
- Two sets of lenses: Objective and Ocular
Staining types + why do we stain?
- Why?
- Most cells are relatively clear, difficult to see in brightfield
- Types:
- Simple : one stain is used to give cells a color
- Differential : different bacteria/structures have different color
- Negative: background is dark/stained, bacteria unstained
Fluorescence microscopy
- Fluorescence: object is hit with a wavelength of light, object emits a lower wavelength of light
- Excitation : specific wavelength that excites the electron of a molecule
- Emission: light released when electron decreases in energy
Chapter 3
Structure of the cell membrane
- Selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the bacterial cell
- Separates the cytoplasm from the outside
Different membrane lipids
- Phospholipids : two fatty acids + phosphate group
- Cardiolipin : double phospholipid found at the poles during starvation
- Lipid side chain : kinks in fatty acids make membrane more fluid
- Hopanoids : similar to cholesterol causes “stiffening” of membrane
Cell wall/peptidoglycan structure
- Peptidoglycan (sacculus) - single molecule that maintains the cell shape like chainmail
