TEST BANK for Human Learning
h h h h h
8th Edition Ormrod, CHAPTER 1 - 15
h h h h h h
, CHAPTERh1
PERSPECTIVEShONhLEARNING
MultiplehChoicehQuestions
Humanhbeingshundoubtedlyhlearnhmorehduringhthehcoursehofhahlifetimehtha
nnhanyhotherhspecieshonhearth.hThehmajorhresulthofhthishcapacityhtohlearnhishthat
:
Newhinstinctshbeginhtohemerge.
nHumanhthoughthbecomeshlesshlogicalhwithheachhgeneration
.hHumanshcanhbenefithfromhtheirhexperiences.
Humansharehthehonlyhspecieshwhosehbehaviorhcannothbehanalyzedhi
nnhtermshofhstimulihandhresponses.
Threehofhthehfollowingharehexampleshofhlearning.hWhichhonehishnot?
Abigailhcrieshwhenhshehstepshonhahsharphpebble.
Afterhmanyhhourshofhheatedhdebate,hBrianhbeginshtohadvocat
ehpoliticalhpracticeshhehhashpreviouslyhopposed.
n
Carahsuddenlyhrecognizeshhowhthehdivisionhfacth―24h’h4h=h6‖hishrelate
dhtohthehmultiplicationhfacth―6hxh4h=h24.‖
n
DavidhhashbeenhrunninghawayhfromhGermanhshepherdsheverhsincehh
ehwashbittenhbyhahGermanhshepherdhtwohyearshago.
n
Reyneldahhashtroublehtracinghahcomplexhshapehwithhahpencilhwhenhshehishi
nhkindergarten,hbuthshehcanhdohithquitehwellhbyhthehtimehshehishinhsecondhgrad
n
e.hIshthishanhinstancehofhlearning?
n
Yes,hbecausehherhbehaviorhhashchanged.
nNo,hbecausehthehcircumstancesharehtoohdissimilar.
Maybe,halthoughhthehchangehmayhsimplyhbehdueht
nohphysiologicalhmaturation.
Maybe,hbuthonlyhifhshehishbeinghreinforcedhforhtracinghaccurately.
2
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
n n n n n
Threehofhthehfollowinghillustratehvarioushwayshthathlearninghmighth behreflect
n
edhinhahperson‘shbehavior.hWhichhonehofhthehfollowinghchangeshdoeshnothnecess
n
arilyhreflecthlearning?
n
Althoughhit‘shahschoolhnight,hDeanhplayshvideohgameshuntilhwellhpasthh
ishusualhbedtime.hAshhehbecomeshmorehtired,hhehfindshithincreasinglyhdif
n
ficulthtohconcentratehonhwhathhe‘shdoing.
n
Evenhashahyounghchild,hJerryhcouldhtellhyouhthathhishgrandparent
shimmigratedhtohthehUnitedhStateshfromhIreland.hButhafterhahconv
n
ersationhwithhhishgrandmother,hhehcanhnowhdescribehthehcircums
n
tanceshofhthehfamily‘shimmigrationhinhconsiderablehdetail.
n
Dayhafterhday,hMartinhpracticeshhishbasketballhskillsh (shooting,hdribblin
n
g,hetc.)honhahbasketballhcourthathahlocalhpark.hWithheachhpracticehsession
n
,hhishmovementshbecomehfasterhandhsmoother.
Lewishoccasionallyhaskshforhhelphwhenhhehhashdifficultyhwithhhishclass
work,hbuthmosthofhthehtimehhehjusthstruggleshquietlyhonhhishown.hAfter
n
hhishteacherhassureshhimhthathaskinghforhhelphishnothahsignhofhweakness
horhinability,hhehbeginshaskinghforhhelphmuchhmorehfrequently.
n
h researchhexamineshlearninghinhtightlyhcontrolledhsettingshand
h researchhexamineshlearninghinhreal-worldhsettings.
Applied;hBasichBasi
nc;hQualitativehQualit
native;hAppliedhBasic
;hApplied
Ahprinciplehofhlearninghcanhbesthbehcharacterizedhas:
nAhdescriptionhofhthehresultshofhahparticularhresearchhstudy
nAhstatemenththathdescribeshhowhahparticularhfactorhaffectshlearning
Thehmeasurementhofhhowhmuchhlearninghhashoccurredhinhah
nparticularhsituation
Anhexplanationhofhthehunderlyinghprocesseshthroughhwhichhlearninghoccurs
Ahtheoryhofhlearninghcanhbesthbehcharacterizedhas:
Ahdescriptionhofhthehresultshofhahparticularhresearchhstudy
n
Ahstatemenththathdescribeshhowhahparticularhfactorhaffectshlearning
n
Thehmeasurementhofhhowhmuchhlearninghhashoccurredhinhah
nparticularhsituation
Anhexplanationhofhthehunderlyinghprocesseshthroughhwhichhlearninghoccurs
3
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
n n n n n
Threehofhthehfollowingharehprincipleshofhlearning.hWhichhonehishahtheory
ofhlearninghratherhthanhahprinciple?
n
Ahbehaviorhthathishfollowedhbyhpunishmenthdecreaseshinhfrequency.
Peoplehlearnhbyhmakinghmentalhassociationshbetweenhnewhinformatio
nnhandhtheirhexistinghknowledge.
Ahresponsehthathishrewardedheveryhtimehithoccurshincreaseshmor
nehrapidlyhthanhahresponsehthathishonlyhoccasionallyhrewarded.
Studentshtendhtohrememberhmorehofhahlecturehifhtheyhtakehnoteshonht
nhehlecture‘shcontent.
Whichhonehofhthehfollowinghcommonhsayingshbesthreflectshthehconce
pthofhintrospection?
n
―Wherehthere‘shahwill,hthere‘shahway.‖
―Nothinghventured,hnothinghgained.‖
―Ahpennyhforhyourhthoughts.‖
―Oldhhabitshdiehhard.‖
Whichhonehofhthehfollowinghcommonhsayingshbesthreflectshthehbasi
chpremisehunderlyinghsocialhlearninghtheory?
n
―Monkeyhsee,hmonkeyhdo.‖
―Sparehthehrodhandhspoilhthehchild.‖
―Ahfriendhinhneedhishahfriendhindeed.‖
―Ahrollinghstonehgathershnohmoss.‖
Whichhonehofhthehfollowinghstatementshprovideshthehmosthcrediblehexpla
nationhforhthehfacththathhumanhbeingshseemhtohsurpasshallhotherhanimalhspe
n
cieshinhtheirhthinkinghandhlearninghcapacities?
n
Onlyhhumanhbeingshhavehthehcapabilityhtohmakehtools.
Humanshcommunicatehregularlyhwithhonehanotherhand,hinhdoinghs
n o,hpasshalonghwhaththey‘vehlearnedhtohfuturehgenerations.
Humanhbeingshhavehahhugehrepertoirehofhinstinctualhbehaviorshfro
n mhwhichhtheyhcanhdrawhwhenhtheyhencounterhnewhexperiences.
Humanhbrainsharehsmallerhthanhthosehofhotherhintelligenthspeciesh(e.g.,
helephants,hdolphins)handhthereforehcanhtransmithmessageshmorehquick
lyhandhefficiently.
4
h h h h h
8th Edition Ormrod, CHAPTER 1 - 15
h h h h h h
, CHAPTERh1
PERSPECTIVEShONhLEARNING
MultiplehChoicehQuestions
Humanhbeingshundoubtedlyhlearnhmorehduringhthehcoursehofhahlifetimehtha
nnhanyhotherhspecieshonhearth.hThehmajorhresulthofhthishcapacityhtohlearnhishthat
:
Newhinstinctshbeginhtohemerge.
nHumanhthoughthbecomeshlesshlogicalhwithheachhgeneration
.hHumanshcanhbenefithfromhtheirhexperiences.
Humansharehthehonlyhspecieshwhosehbehaviorhcannothbehanalyzedhi
nnhtermshofhstimulihandhresponses.
Threehofhthehfollowingharehexampleshofhlearning.hWhichhonehishnot?
Abigailhcrieshwhenhshehstepshonhahsharphpebble.
Afterhmanyhhourshofhheatedhdebate,hBrianhbeginshtohadvocat
ehpoliticalhpracticeshhehhashpreviouslyhopposed.
n
Carahsuddenlyhrecognizeshhowhthehdivisionhfacth―24h’h4h=h6‖hishrelate
dhtohthehmultiplicationhfacth―6hxh4h=h24.‖
n
DavidhhashbeenhrunninghawayhfromhGermanhshepherdsheverhsincehh
ehwashbittenhbyhahGermanhshepherdhtwohyearshago.
n
Reyneldahhashtroublehtracinghahcomplexhshapehwithhahpencilhwhenhshehishi
nhkindergarten,hbuthshehcanhdohithquitehwellhbyhthehtimehshehishinhsecondhgrad
n
e.hIshthishanhinstancehofhlearning?
n
Yes,hbecausehherhbehaviorhhashchanged.
nNo,hbecausehthehcircumstancesharehtoohdissimilar.
Maybe,halthoughhthehchangehmayhsimplyhbehdueht
nohphysiologicalhmaturation.
Maybe,hbuthonlyhifhshehishbeinghreinforcedhforhtracinghaccurately.
2
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
n n n n n
Threehofhthehfollowinghillustratehvarioushwayshthathlearninghmighth behreflect
n
edhinhahperson‘shbehavior.hWhichhonehofhthehfollowinghchangeshdoeshnothnecess
n
arilyhreflecthlearning?
n
Althoughhit‘shahschoolhnight,hDeanhplayshvideohgameshuntilhwellhpasthh
ishusualhbedtime.hAshhehbecomeshmorehtired,hhehfindshithincreasinglyhdif
n
ficulthtohconcentratehonhwhathhe‘shdoing.
n
Evenhashahyounghchild,hJerryhcouldhtellhyouhthathhishgrandparent
shimmigratedhtohthehUnitedhStateshfromhIreland.hButhafterhahconv
n
ersationhwithhhishgrandmother,hhehcanhnowhdescribehthehcircums
n
tanceshofhthehfamily‘shimmigrationhinhconsiderablehdetail.
n
Dayhafterhday,hMartinhpracticeshhishbasketballhskillsh (shooting,hdribblin
n
g,hetc.)honhahbasketballhcourthathahlocalhpark.hWithheachhpracticehsession
n
,hhishmovementshbecomehfasterhandhsmoother.
Lewishoccasionallyhaskshforhhelphwhenhhehhashdifficultyhwithhhishclass
work,hbuthmosthofhthehtimehhehjusthstruggleshquietlyhonhhishown.hAfter
n
hhishteacherhassureshhimhthathaskinghforhhelphishnothahsignhofhweakness
horhinability,hhehbeginshaskinghforhhelphmuchhmorehfrequently.
n
h researchhexamineshlearninghinhtightlyhcontrolledhsettingshand
h researchhexamineshlearninghinhreal-worldhsettings.
Applied;hBasichBasi
nc;hQualitativehQualit
native;hAppliedhBasic
;hApplied
Ahprinciplehofhlearninghcanhbesthbehcharacterizedhas:
nAhdescriptionhofhthehresultshofhahparticularhresearchhstudy
nAhstatemenththathdescribeshhowhahparticularhfactorhaffectshlearning
Thehmeasurementhofhhowhmuchhlearninghhashoccurredhinhah
nparticularhsituation
Anhexplanationhofhthehunderlyinghprocesseshthroughhwhichhlearninghoccurs
Ahtheoryhofhlearninghcanhbesthbehcharacterizedhas:
Ahdescriptionhofhthehresultshofhahparticularhresearchhstudy
n
Ahstatemenththathdescribeshhowhahparticularhfactorhaffectshlearning
n
Thehmeasurementhofhhowhmuchhlearninghhashoccurredhinhah
nparticularhsituation
Anhexplanationhofhthehunderlyinghprocesseshthroughhwhichhlearninghoccurs
3
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
n n n n n
Threehofhthehfollowingharehprincipleshofhlearning.hWhichhonehishahtheory
ofhlearninghratherhthanhahprinciple?
n
Ahbehaviorhthathishfollowedhbyhpunishmenthdecreaseshinhfrequency.
Peoplehlearnhbyhmakinghmentalhassociationshbetweenhnewhinformatio
nnhandhtheirhexistinghknowledge.
Ahresponsehthathishrewardedheveryhtimehithoccurshincreaseshmor
nehrapidlyhthanhahresponsehthathishonlyhoccasionallyhrewarded.
Studentshtendhtohrememberhmorehofhahlecturehifhtheyhtakehnoteshonht
nhehlecture‘shcontent.
Whichhonehofhthehfollowinghcommonhsayingshbesthreflectshthehconce
pthofhintrospection?
n
―Wherehthere‘shahwill,hthere‘shahway.‖
―Nothinghventured,hnothinghgained.‖
―Ahpennyhforhyourhthoughts.‖
―Oldhhabitshdiehhard.‖
Whichhonehofhthehfollowinghcommonhsayingshbesthreflectshthehbasi
chpremisehunderlyinghsocialhlearninghtheory?
n
―Monkeyhsee,hmonkeyhdo.‖
―Sparehthehrodhandhspoilhthehchild.‖
―Ahfriendhinhneedhishahfriendhindeed.‖
―Ahrollinghstonehgathershnohmoss.‖
Whichhonehofhthehfollowinghstatementshprovideshthehmosthcrediblehexpla
nationhforhthehfacththathhumanhbeingshseemhtohsurpasshallhotherhanimalhspe
n
cieshinhtheirhthinkinghandhlearninghcapacities?
n
Onlyhhumanhbeingshhavehthehcapabilityhtohmakehtools.
Humanshcommunicatehregularlyhwithhonehanotherhand,hinhdoinghs
n o,hpasshalonghwhaththey‘vehlearnedhtohfuturehgenerations.
Humanhbeingshhavehahhugehrepertoirehofhinstinctualhbehaviorshfro
n mhwhichhtheyhcanhdrawhwhenhtheyhencounterhnewhexperiences.
Humanhbrainsharehsmallerhthanhthosehofhotherhintelligenthspeciesh(e.g.,
helephants,hdolphins)handhthereforehcanhtransmithmessageshmorehquick
lyhandhefficiently.
4
