AC-HPAT Biology EXAM QUESTIONS AND
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Dominance - ✔✔the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or
overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome.
The first variant is termed dominant and the second recessive.
Effect of lead on nerve cells - ✔✔Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve damage: this can cause
muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When researchers examine these damaged
nerves, they find that the myelin insulation is often gone, and the axons are destroyed. These changes
prevent nerves from transmitting messages properly.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔· Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in biology, a continuous membrane
system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves
multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport
of proteins
Enzymes function - ✔✔Enzymes are the catalysts involved in biological chemical reactions. They are
the "gnomes" inside each one of us that take molecules like nucleotides and align them together to
create DNA, or amino acids to make proteins, to name two of thousands of such functions.
Epiglottis - ✔✔The epiglottis is a flexible flap at the superior end of the larynx in the throat. It acts as
a switch between the larynx and the esophagus to permit air to enter the airway to the lungs and
food to pass into the gastrointestinal tract
facilitated diffusion - ✔✔· Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-
mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport)
of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
fluid mosaic model - ✔✔describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components
—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid
character. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with
cell type
Function of lipids - ✔✔They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of
membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical messengers. Together with
proteins and carbohydrates, lipids are one of the principal structural components of living cells
Gametes - ✔✔Gametes are the cells used during sexual reproduction to produce a new individual
organism or zygote. The male gamete, sperm, is a smaller, mobile cell that meets up with the much
larger and less mobile female gamete, egg or ova. Both sperm and egg are only haploid cells. They
only carry half of the chromosomes needed.
Gas Exchange - ✔✔Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and
the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. ... The walls of the alveoli
actually share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely
between the respiratory system and the bloodstream
Genes - ✔✔Genes are a set of instructions that determine what the organism is like, its appearance,
how it survives, and how it behaves in its environment. Genes are made of a substance called
deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. They give instructions for a living being to make molecules called
proteins
, Genotype - ✔✔The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of any
individual, which determines one of its characteristics (phenotype).
Germination - ✔✔Germination is the process of seeds developing into new plants. ... When water is
plentiful, the seed fills with water in a process called imbibition. The water activates special proteins,
called enzymes, that begin the process of seed growth. First the seed grows a root to access water
underground.
GI Tract - ✔✔The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth
to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, and anus. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the
digestive system.
Golgi apparatus - ✔✔· The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in most eukaryotic cells. It is made
up of membrane-bound sacs, and is also called a Golgi body, Golgi complex, or dictyosome. The job of
the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are
synthesized within the cell.
Haploid - ✔✔Haploid is the term used when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes. A
normal eukaryotic gamete organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each
parent. However, after meiosis, the number of chromosomes in gametes is halved.
hemophilia - ✔✔bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process. People with this condition
experience prolonged bleeding or oozing following an injury, surgery, or having a tooth pulled.
Heterozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
How bacteria affect host cells and how treated? - ✔✔· Bacterial pathogens operate by attacking
crucial intracellular pathways in their hosts. These pathogens usually target more than one
intracellular pathway and often interact at several points in each of these pathways to commandeer
them fully.
· Many human illnesses are caused by infection with either bacteria or viruses. Most bacterial diseases
can be treated with antibiotics, although antibiotic-resistant strains are starting to emerge.
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? - ✔✔Stem cell
transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones that make blood. Your
doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem cell transplantation is
effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the transferred immune cells of the donor also
attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers
people suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye? - ✔✔UV rays may lead to
macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV rays, especially UV-B rays,
may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, the part of
the eye that focuses the light we see.
How does insulin work in diabetes? - ✔✔Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices that mimic
the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short acting insulin continuously
(basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
How fungi affect host cells and how treated? - ✔✔· Fungi and fungal-like microbes known as
oomycetes produce effector molecules that penetrate cells and switch off the host's defense system.
Once the host's immune system has been disabled, the fungus or oomycete swiftly follows up,
breaking and entering the cell and unleashing disease
VERIFIED ACCURATE SOLUTION |GET IT 100%
ACCURATE!!!
Dominance - ✔✔the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or
overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome.
The first variant is termed dominant and the second recessive.
Effect of lead on nerve cells - ✔✔Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve damage: this can cause
muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When researchers examine these damaged
nerves, they find that the myelin insulation is often gone, and the axons are destroyed. These changes
prevent nerves from transmitting messages properly.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔· Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in biology, a continuous membrane
system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves
multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport
of proteins
Enzymes function - ✔✔Enzymes are the catalysts involved in biological chemical reactions. They are
the "gnomes" inside each one of us that take molecules like nucleotides and align them together to
create DNA, or amino acids to make proteins, to name two of thousands of such functions.
Epiglottis - ✔✔The epiglottis is a flexible flap at the superior end of the larynx in the throat. It acts as
a switch between the larynx and the esophagus to permit air to enter the airway to the lungs and
food to pass into the gastrointestinal tract
facilitated diffusion - ✔✔· Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-
mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport)
of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
fluid mosaic model - ✔✔describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components
—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid
character. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with
cell type
Function of lipids - ✔✔They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of
membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical messengers. Together with
proteins and carbohydrates, lipids are one of the principal structural components of living cells
Gametes - ✔✔Gametes are the cells used during sexual reproduction to produce a new individual
organism or zygote. The male gamete, sperm, is a smaller, mobile cell that meets up with the much
larger and less mobile female gamete, egg or ova. Both sperm and egg are only haploid cells. They
only carry half of the chromosomes needed.
Gas Exchange - ✔✔Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and
the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. ... The walls of the alveoli
actually share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely
between the respiratory system and the bloodstream
Genes - ✔✔Genes are a set of instructions that determine what the organism is like, its appearance,
how it survives, and how it behaves in its environment. Genes are made of a substance called
deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. They give instructions for a living being to make molecules called
proteins
, Genotype - ✔✔The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of any
individual, which determines one of its characteristics (phenotype).
Germination - ✔✔Germination is the process of seeds developing into new plants. ... When water is
plentiful, the seed fills with water in a process called imbibition. The water activates special proteins,
called enzymes, that begin the process of seed growth. First the seed grows a root to access water
underground.
GI Tract - ✔✔The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth
to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, and anus. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the
digestive system.
Golgi apparatus - ✔✔· The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in most eukaryotic cells. It is made
up of membrane-bound sacs, and is also called a Golgi body, Golgi complex, or dictyosome. The job of
the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are
synthesized within the cell.
Haploid - ✔✔Haploid is the term used when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes. A
normal eukaryotic gamete organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each
parent. However, after meiosis, the number of chromosomes in gametes is halved.
hemophilia - ✔✔bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process. People with this condition
experience prolonged bleeding or oozing following an injury, surgery, or having a tooth pulled.
Heterozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
How bacteria affect host cells and how treated? - ✔✔· Bacterial pathogens operate by attacking
crucial intracellular pathways in their hosts. These pathogens usually target more than one
intracellular pathway and often interact at several points in each of these pathways to commandeer
them fully.
· Many human illnesses are caused by infection with either bacteria or viruses. Most bacterial diseases
can be treated with antibiotics, although antibiotic-resistant strains are starting to emerge.
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? - ✔✔Stem cell
transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones that make blood. Your
doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem cell transplantation is
effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the transferred immune cells of the donor also
attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers
people suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye? - ✔✔UV rays may lead to
macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV rays, especially UV-B rays,
may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, the part of
the eye that focuses the light we see.
How does insulin work in diabetes? - ✔✔Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices that mimic
the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short acting insulin continuously
(basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
How fungi affect host cells and how treated? - ✔✔· Fungi and fungal-like microbes known as
oomycetes produce effector molecules that penetrate cells and switch off the host's defense system.
Once the host's immune system has been disabled, the fungus or oomycete swiftly follows up,
breaking and entering the cell and unleashing disease
