CLIN MED HIV | QUESTIONS With 100% Complete
Solutions
cellular components already at location of infection
respond immediately with generalized response
Macrophages recognize pathogen activate the innate immune system
Dendritic cells pick up antigens from the pathogen and head off in blood and lymphatic
systems to track down specific T and B cells and activate them
Innate immune system overview?
Involves specialized T and B Cells that wait away from the infection and when activated
launch a specialized/specific immune response
Takes longer to recognize the infection especially when a pathogen is invading the body for
the first time
Specific immune system overview?
Represent ~10-20% of lymphocyte population
Produce and secrete antibodies
Provides humoral mediated immunity
,-humoral is Old English and refers to the
"humors" aka "fluids of the body"
What are B cells?
Represent 60-70% of the total lymphocyte population
Found in peripheral blood
Have receptors that are genetically programmed to recognize antigens on the surface of
other cells
Provides cell-mediated immunity
What are T cells?
CD4 (helper T-cells)
CD8 (cytotoxic T- cells)
CD8 Cells:
-Function as cytotoxic defenses
-Play a role in suppression of the immune response
-Attack virus infected cells or tumor cells
CD4 Cells:
-Secrete cytokines
-Memory T-cells that circulate in the blood and can recognize previously encountered
antigen to begin immune response
What are the types of T cells?
,In 2024: there were 40.8 million people living with HIV
~39.4 million adults (>/= 15yrs of age)
~1.4 million children (<15 years of age)
What is the epidemiology of HIV Globally?
HIV-1:
-most common type of HIV worldwide
HIV-2:
-mostly in West Africa, but increasing cases recognized in Europe, India, and the United
States (HIV Curriculum: HIV-2 in the United States)
Currently still considered “rare” in the US
HIV-2 infections in the US account for fewer than 1% of all HIV infections in the US
Most people diagnosed with HIV-2 have immigrated from an endemic area or have been
exposed to someone from such an area
What are the two types of HIV?
2022:
-Approximately 1.2 million people 13 years of age and older were living with HIV in the
United States
, HIV prevalence in the United States has increased yearly from 2017 to 2021 by about
20,000 people per year this increase has resulted from the number of persons newly
acquiring HIV outpacing the number of deaths of persons with HIV
A lot come from SOUTHERN states
Epidemiology of HIV in the US?
Oklahoma is identified as one of the top 7 states with a high rural burden of HIV
--Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and South Carolina
At the end of December 2023, 8,058 people were living with HIV/AIDS in Oklahoma.
--44.2% (3,558) had been diagnosed with AIDS.
a lot of people in Oklahoma are late testers
Epidemiology of HIV in Oklahoma?
Patho of HIV
Part of the family of retroviruses known as lentiviruses
Infects CD4 T-lymphocytes among other cells
Leads to the destruction of these CD4 T- cells which in turn impairs cell-mediated immunity and
increases risk of cancer/OIs
apsid contains 2 enzymes essential for HIV replication
-Integrase
-Reverse transcriptase
Solutions
cellular components already at location of infection
respond immediately with generalized response
Macrophages recognize pathogen activate the innate immune system
Dendritic cells pick up antigens from the pathogen and head off in blood and lymphatic
systems to track down specific T and B cells and activate them
Innate immune system overview?
Involves specialized T and B Cells that wait away from the infection and when activated
launch a specialized/specific immune response
Takes longer to recognize the infection especially when a pathogen is invading the body for
the first time
Specific immune system overview?
Represent ~10-20% of lymphocyte population
Produce and secrete antibodies
Provides humoral mediated immunity
,-humoral is Old English and refers to the
"humors" aka "fluids of the body"
What are B cells?
Represent 60-70% of the total lymphocyte population
Found in peripheral blood
Have receptors that are genetically programmed to recognize antigens on the surface of
other cells
Provides cell-mediated immunity
What are T cells?
CD4 (helper T-cells)
CD8 (cytotoxic T- cells)
CD8 Cells:
-Function as cytotoxic defenses
-Play a role in suppression of the immune response
-Attack virus infected cells or tumor cells
CD4 Cells:
-Secrete cytokines
-Memory T-cells that circulate in the blood and can recognize previously encountered
antigen to begin immune response
What are the types of T cells?
,In 2024: there were 40.8 million people living with HIV
~39.4 million adults (>/= 15yrs of age)
~1.4 million children (<15 years of age)
What is the epidemiology of HIV Globally?
HIV-1:
-most common type of HIV worldwide
HIV-2:
-mostly in West Africa, but increasing cases recognized in Europe, India, and the United
States (HIV Curriculum: HIV-2 in the United States)
Currently still considered “rare” in the US
HIV-2 infections in the US account for fewer than 1% of all HIV infections in the US
Most people diagnosed with HIV-2 have immigrated from an endemic area or have been
exposed to someone from such an area
What are the two types of HIV?
2022:
-Approximately 1.2 million people 13 years of age and older were living with HIV in the
United States
, HIV prevalence in the United States has increased yearly from 2017 to 2021 by about
20,000 people per year this increase has resulted from the number of persons newly
acquiring HIV outpacing the number of deaths of persons with HIV
A lot come from SOUTHERN states
Epidemiology of HIV in the US?
Oklahoma is identified as one of the top 7 states with a high rural burden of HIV
--Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and South Carolina
At the end of December 2023, 8,058 people were living with HIV/AIDS in Oklahoma.
--44.2% (3,558) had been diagnosed with AIDS.
a lot of people in Oklahoma are late testers
Epidemiology of HIV in Oklahoma?
Patho of HIV
Part of the family of retroviruses known as lentiviruses
Infects CD4 T-lymphocytes among other cells
Leads to the destruction of these CD4 T- cells which in turn impairs cell-mediated immunity and
increases risk of cancer/OIs
apsid contains 2 enzymes essential for HIV replication
-Integrase
-Reverse transcriptase
